International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Finance - Essay ExampleAlso, Germany doesnt want Europe to unite for a Fiscal Union as it lead imagine more inflation for the country. These are just some of the factors that are predicting a collapsed European financial system. And then there is Greece. There is an internal war of sorts departure on within the country many want Greece to leave eurozone for good which will be disastrous for the rest of Europe as many opposite countries will be forced to leave the eurozone as well. (Bremner, 2012)Citigroup, an American banking conglomerate predicts that is a 75% chance that Greece will pull out of Euro within the side by side(p) year and a half. This will set the standard for other financially despondent eurozone members, like Italy and Spain as they too will have to leave. (Kollewe, 2012)Its exit from eurozone will unravel Greece as well, as the 20% of its GDP will be wiped out, increasing its inflation rates by 40% to 50%. Not to mention. The Grecian debt to GDP r atio will swell by 200% as predicted by the analysts at BNP Paribas. (Kollewe, 2012)It seems that only the ECB can decide the fate of this currency. During the end of travel year, the European Central Bank loosened some of its bank funds. Right before Christmas, European banks received 489 billion or $620.3 billion. This led to a decrement in Italys short term funding. If ECB and Germany can find it in their hearts to work towards more reflationary policies then perhaps the Euro could survive (Bremner 2012).But Euro mollify has some hope left. Greeks do not like the idea of their desolate future without Euro. Despite all the anticipation, there are few Greeks who want to go back to the Drachma. Indeed, the notion of mass bankruptcies and visions of 50% inflation have won nearly 80% Greeks over. This huge number of people now wants to stay with the currency, says a recent survey. (Bremner, 2012)So it seems that more than the European

Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment Thought Essay

Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment Thought - Essay ExampleIn the realms of romanticism, a number of examples have helped plurality to understand the kind of philosophical thought that passes through the minds of characters and people and what changes their minds with respect to the relationships that they share with people around them. In modern day society, such a thought process might have changed but is inherently very similar to the days of yore. When talking about cultural mutation, one can slowly witness changes taking place in modern day society with respect to the formation of global economies and socio-cultural scenarios. As compared to the past, in order to depict the harvest-feast in thought, one should be able to determine the causes and inferences of the Lutheran Reformation, victory of the usage of empirical methods and statistical data in order to prove scientific methods rather than relying on normative thought processes. (Triki, Rachida) Furthermore, the jou rney of conversion from the identity of a hero to a saint also finds a very promise exemplary while discussing the power and established Renaissance Empire during the time of Michelangelo.

Pony Trap Essay Example for Free

Pony Trap EssaySusan hillock the creator of the woman in black , successfully creates upkeep through extinct her novel. It comes in ebbs and flows by using different techniques throughout to build up the strain. This book is a gothic horror which is a new genre however using the traditional horror aspects, one of the first books in the categories is The castle of Otranto published in 1767. They are typified by their dark, lachrymose atmosphere of hatred and fear. Hill used many traditional techniques such as the stereotypical use of pathetic f entirelyacy reflecting the dark mood. The setting as its deserted and away from society, isolation , a ghost with hauntings all follow the conventional aspects. However the modern twist to hills novel is that the characters are unconvential, as in the normal gothic chronicle the man is the scary character haunting a venerable or innocent young woman such as in Dracula he suck blood from all sweet caring ladies. Unlike in this case th ere is a ambitious young man being pursue by a revengeful young woman. From this the tension from new and old ways combine to create a heart pumping book which fear late impacts the reader. Fear is created in many ways in the chapter The Sound of the Pony trap and many other chapters.The chapter the sound of the pony trap creates and builds fear and tension through out using a climax technique. Similar to other chapters in the novel it is developed throughout with no clear resolution at the end. In this chapter Hill uses pathetic fallacy frequently to make a prediction what is going to happen next, as Arthurs mood reflect the weather. At the fountain of the chapter he describes the feeling trying to get back the causeway as, as the weather is in reality bad you are expecting this night to be a bad one and develop the scene of fear, from the Woman In Black. However after Keckwick arrives to pick up Kipps at 2am the weather was described as all was so changed. This shows that the mood to Kipps is so relived to see Keckwick to save him so the weather reflects his thoughts.Then finally the main element to the developing aspect of fear is haunting. These move where the Woman in Black haunts Kipps are the moments when a cold feeling runs through the readers body and start to panic a little. The main haunting in this chapter is the sound of the pons trap and over all this is the most fearful part that distressed Kipps the most. The woman in black puts sounds in his head as a cart has over turned in the marshes and they are drowning so shouting for help with the cry off a childs voice. later on an outburst of helpless sobbing , he was so overwhelmed by this a grown man cried over it. The haunting of the woman in black really breaks Kipps and this is the detrition of the man in till he becomes ill with fright. Fear is created, as hill shows how it effected Kipps and this is the part where the reader starts to feel afraid and fear is created.

Cosmic Creation Myths Across Cultures Essay Example for Free

Cosmic Creation Myths Across Cultures EssayThe two creation myths selected to equalize and contrast centers on the Norse culture of Iceland Vikings and the Genesis creation of the Hebrew origin of Christian culture. Both creation myths originate with a hollow abyss where anarchy or war cultivates. The Norse myth relates a struggle in the middle of the blistering realm of Muspell and the murky, icy realm of Niflheim inside the inconstancy named ginnungagap and where nonhing could cultivate. The Genesis struggle was involving God and nothing, seclusion, and the craving to generate something wonderful. There are exactly nine categorizations of creation myths and numerous utilize more than mavin notion. Genesis cosmogonies utilizes both the deus faber and ex nihilo ideas. The account frequently deemed the ex nihilo myth, implying out of nothing is the composition in the outgrowth book of the Old Testament, Genesis, of Gods creation in six days by communicating into existence light and blackness, moon and sun, animals and plants, birds and fish, stars and earth, God then creates Adam in His image from the dust and inhales life into him and eventide was molded from one of Adams ribs, consequently joining deus faber (the maker-God) with ex nihilo motifs.The Nordic creation myths incline to merge accretion/conjunction, exudation, and sacrifice ideas. It introduces the combining of fire and ice in an arbitrary linking of components. When the tepid breath of Muspell encounters the chill of glacial Nieflheim, ice dissolves and the subsequent water droplets come to life, generating the wicked gigantic Ymir. As the titan slumbers, perspiration from his armpits produces the first man and woman. These added titans mature to loathe Ymir and the creation story goes on with the slaughter and disfigurement of the dreadful giant. The Norse culture consist what we call Vikings. They had a pantheon of 14 main gods and conceived the cosmos as separated into three levels Asgard, Aesir, is the higher level and land of the main gods, fertility gods, and where light elves also existed. Midgard is the middlelevel where men, giants, dwarves, and shadowy elves lived. Niflheim is the lower level, better known as the underworld, where the evil dead died a second time in the fortress city of Hel. Running through and at long last reaching above heaven is Yggdrasil, the enormous ash tree that apparently existed before the beginning.The Genesis creation myth is comparable in that the world was shapeless also emptiness, and obscurity laid in the deep. God soul was touching above the top of the seawaters when, he generated the skies and the planet. The scriptural writers considered the universe as a even round formed planet in the axis, an illicit world for the lifeless underneath, and paradise overhead. Underneath the planet stood the waters of chaos, the intergalactic ocean, and nest to mythological ogres conquered and killed by means of God. In Genesis, th e earth was formless, empty, and dark, and Gods Spirit moved over the waters preparing to perform Gods notional Word (Fairchild, 2013). God initiated speaking his creation into existence. The first day, he generated luminosity and parted it from the blackness, calling sunlit day and obscurity night.The second day, God made the sky to detached the seawaters. The third day, he formed the arid earth, called land, and congregated the seawaters, naming them seas. The Divinity as well formed flowers and plants on this day. God created the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth and to govern and separate the day and the night on the fourth diurnal (Fairchild, 2013). These elements would also serve to establish days, seasons, and years. On the fifth day, he formed each existing organism of the oceans and of the skies, sanctifying them to flourish. Also formed the creatures to tincture the world on the sixth diurnal. Adam and Eve, believed to be the first man and woman, were also created in his reflection on this day to communicate. He blessed them and gave them any creature and the whole earth to rule over, care for, and cultivate (Fairchild, 2013).Finally, on the seventh diurnal, he completed his labor of conception and relaxed, consecration it and formulating it consecrated. The Norse story did not have one maker of good, but multiple elements and events that emerged from one evil giant in this creation myth. The cattle stroked off whole Alps of rime, step by step licking rime of other two additional existences, the god Buri and his spouse. They had a son named Bor, and his son was named Odin, who became the king of allthe gods (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Ymir was malicious and wicked and when Odin along with the divinities whitethorn well no more endure Ymirs wicked deeds, they united to kill the giant. Ymirs huge body formed the earth, his blood became the sea, his flesh became the land, his bones the mountains and his copper the trees (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). He and the additional deities shaped the heavens with his cranium, sustained up by four immense columns.He created the sun and moon from flashes from the blistering pits of Muspell and placed them in the sky. The ice began to melt in the new world of Ginnungagap from the illumination of the sun and moon and vegetation began to grow. The largest tree, called Yggdrasil, grew from the center of the world and became known as The Tree of Life. Its root penetrated into the bottom of creation and its leaves reached the very top of the sky (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). To his satisfaction of the newborn earth, Odin baptized it Midgard, meaning The Middle Land. However, Midgard needed tending to while the gods ascend to Asgard. Odin sight two collapsed trees, an elm and an ash, which Odin removed from the dirt and shaped the incipient male and female. Odin breathed life into the beings, gave them reason and feelings, hearing and sight (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Similar to the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, Odin called the male Ask and the female Embla and from them, launched the whole humankind. In summary, the Genesis creation story identifies God as the writer of conception.In Genesis 1 we are presented with the beginning of a divine drama that can only be examined and understood from the standpoint of faith. How long did it take? How did it happen, exactly? (Fairchild, 2013). It is impossible to definitively respond these questions, but these inscrutabilities are not the emphasis of the conception account. The point, is for ethical and religious epiphany. Verse 26, God states, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness The story goes that a serpent tricked Eve into eating the fruit from the forbidden tree and she offered it to Adam and he also ate from it. As a result, Eve and Adam were expelled from the Garden of Eden, men go away labor over the earth, women will experience excruciating pain bearing children, and all humans will die.Read ers from Western cultures tend to rank metaphysical or spiritual cosmogonies like the account of Elohim-God speaking the world into existence in Genesis higher than physical, natural, or elemental accounts of creation byaccretion, excretion, copulation, division, dismemberment, or parturition (Leonard McClure, 2004). If, however, we are self-conscious about our cultures assumptions about what is normal, we see that at least as many cosmogonic myths have presented creation as part of a natural process as have conceived it as an exercise of divine and creative will. Ranking one kind of myth as lower or more primitive and our own myths as higher or more culture derives from a cultural bias. To study myth effectively, we need to free ourselves as much as possible from the prejudices we inherit from our cultural surroundings.ReferencesDistant Train, Inc. (2011). Norse Creation. Retrieved from http//bigmyth.com/ transfer/NORSE_CREATION.pdf Fairchild, M. (2013, January 4). The Creation S tory Bible Story Summary. About.com Christianity. Retrieved from http//christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/ creationstory.htm Gill, N. S. (2012, April 13). Creation of the World Norse Mythology on the Creation of the World. About.com Ancient / Classical History. Retrieved from http//ancienthistory.about.com/od/creationmyths/a/11083199Norse.htm Ginzberg, L. (2012, April 13). Legends of the Jews, By Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews. Retrieved from http//ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_jewslegends1a.htm Leonard, S., McClure, M. (2004). Myth Knowing An introduction to world mythology. New York, NY McGraw-Hill. Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).The Myth of Norse Creation Myth. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from http//www.shmoop.com/norse-creation-myth/

Multiple Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Multiple discussion Essay1) How would you compare and contrast constructs of intelligence and achievement?though often linked with each other, intelligence and achievements are neither the same thing nor does possessing intelligence automatically results in a person being an achiever. Intelligence is only a part of the entire package and process that allows one to reach his or her goals. Success or achievements are met with the uniteture of intelligence, hard work, and the correct opportunities. At the same time, a person may have the passion and the willingness to work for a particular goal, but still not make it. unity still needs the inborn talent that will enable him or her to do the work needed. Thus, intelligence is one of the many yet essential factors for achieving. It may be inborn, but it still needs to be developed to its full extent. If intelligence goes un-nurtured, then it is useless. Ones environment and learning are mutually beneficial with ones genes for the development of his or her intelligence, and ultimately with his or her capability to achieve.2) How would you describe Gardners scheme of intelligence? Do you agree with Gardners theory of multiple intelligences? Why or why not?Gardner believed that intelligence is multi-faceted and flexible. He attacked the idea that intelligence is a single immutable entity created by just one source and is easily measurable with math and language IQ tests (Smith, 2008 Benson, 2003). Gardner proposed humans have seven types of intelligence linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal kinds of intelligence (Smith, 2008, n.p.).I agree with Gardner that there is no single, accurate way of measuring packs intelligence because people have different talents or intelligence. Humans have their own unique mix of intelligence they may excel in areas where others do not and vice versa. Gardners theory does not limit intelligence into a single box. I believe that to be true since it is unfair to judge a kind of talent as better as or more rewarding than others. concourse ought to know that there are different realms of intelligence. They ought to realize theirs for the sake of forming their personality, building up confidence, and nurturing their competence. Gardner wrote that people need to know what they can do to understand themselves and watch productively and effectively (cited in Smith, 2008).In conclusion, Gardner recognizes that there is no single construct of intelligence. Intelligence goes beyond classrooms and report cards, and this, I think, is the most important for people to understand.

Company overview of pakistan telecommunication company limited

family overview of pakistan telecommunication company limitedIntroductionPakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is the largest telecommunication company in Pakistan. PTCL provides telephonic services to the nation and is the backbone for countrys telecommunication infrastructure. The company consists of around 2000 telephone transmutes across Pakistan. They provide the largest repair line (land-line) ne 2rk, currently having 4.8 million fixed line customers. GSM, CDMA and Internet argon other(a) services of PTCL. The Government of Pakistan sold 26% sh ares and control of the company to Etisalat (U.A.Es telecom company) in 2006. The Government of Pakistan retained 62% of the shares while the re main(prenominal)ing 12% are with the general public. PTCL also provides Wireless Telephonic network by the name of Vfone, having 1.25 million active customers. Ufone, which is the second largest cellular network in the country, is also owned as a subsidiary of PTCL. Ufone has abo ut 6.5 million mobile subscribers and a market share of nearly 25% currently in Pakistan. PTCL has the potential to be an influential means in Pakistans economic growth. It has laid the Optical Fiber Access Network technologies in major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. (Retrieved from http//www.ptcl.com.pk).Privatization of PTCLThe process of the privatization of the state owned and managed PTCL was initiated in November 2004. Early in January 2005, 18 companies registered their EOI (Expressions of Interest), out which 3 bidders qualified for the final bidding which held on June 18, 2006. Dubai establish company Consortium of Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat) and Dubai Islamic Bank, Etisalat International Pakistan (EIP) gave the highest bid US $ 1.96 per share, equivalent to PKR 117.01 per share, which translates into US 2,598,960,000 (2.599 billion) or PKR 155,157,912,000.00. (Retrieved from www.go-pakistan.com). After the purchase of shares of PTCL Etisalat was give on the wholeowance to fully control the counmerchandising, which is against the provisions of Companies Ordinance of Pakistan, 1984.This deal has also created much of a drama within the company as well. The employees of PTCL resist this deal and in that respect had been strikes in PTCL offices to oppose this. As many as 40,000 people pull up stakes quit the job through Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) offered by the PTCL management. 60 percent of employees may opt for VSS. Among the 44,000 employees 26,400 testament quit the services who dumbfound served the organization for as many as 20 years. The cases had been signed by opposition, employees of PTCL against all this scenario and they are still waiting in Supreme Court for hearing.After privatization of PTCL, the company remained encircled by various controversies and disputes, mainly due to bad management by PTCL administration and lack of interest from Government. All this resulted in bringing down the net profit o f PTCL from Rs 29 billion before privatization to mere Rs 10 billion. (http// www. propakistani.pk retrieved dated 16 July, 2008).PTCL employees came to know about a rising contract named as U.P.S (Unified Pay Scale). U.P.S highlighted that the anterior employment agreements were null and void and no previous benefits could be claimed by any of the employee of PTCL. U.P.S also dispossessed the employees of their respective pensions. Until and unless their demands are met, the employees of PTCL are on a protest. As much as 21000 employees of PTCL would be alter by U.P.S. Employees believe that U.P.S was bought in PTCL to qualifying the status of the employees to contractual status, or else of their permanent ones which was present before. Government had promised the employees that they would be receiving facilities like, pay home/allowances up gradations, save they were never fulfilled, as the event of privatization had taken place.Significance/Rationale of the studyThe signif icance of this study is to identify the post effects of privatization on the employees of PTCL. We ordain be identifying the take of mirth of the employees by and by the privatization of PTCL. The executing of their employees and similar other indicators pull up stakes exuberate the dedication of employees to this organization. There is a need for a study concerning how employees perceive changes in their employment system, since this process will result in the change of the management and the policies that were present in PTCL before privatization. Generally, a well prompt and a fulfil employee means that the organization is achieving high levels of productivity. Similarly, if the employee has negative reactions for this process, that would result in de-motivation and dis contentment of employees. This is bad for the organization as well as its employees in the future.Aim of the studyThe main aim of the study is to analyze post effects of privatization on the satisfactory l evel of employees. This research will look upon the status of employees in PTCL after privatization, curiously those employees who had been working in PTCL for to a greater extent than twenty years and on the variables that invite their squeeze on the PTCL employees. Finding out the consequences that the employees had to face after privatization is also the field of view of interest.Research objectivesThe research objectives of this study are as followsTo down the stairsstand the effects of privatization on the PTCL employees.To study how the job satisfaction of the employees is affected after privatization of PTCL.To investigate how the employees work-related attitudes and make down changed after privatization of PTCL.To assess the needs of PTCL employees at different hierarchy level.Research questionsThe questions posed by the researcher in this study areHow are the employees affected by privatization of PTCL?What are the reasons for satisfaction/dissatisfaction of the empl oyees of PTCL?How to augment the job satisfaction of PTCL employees after privatization?Delimitations of the studyThe study can non be undertaken on a broad scale because of the following constraints and will be delimited to only the city of Islamabad/Rawalpindi.Time constraint.Resource constraints.Set of variablesLiterature ReviewConcepts and definitionsPrivatization can be entirely explained as a process in which the ownership transfers fromGovernment hand to private hand. This term is also known as denationalization. It means transferring the control of a inviolable from the government pixilatedament to the private sector. It can be accomplished by sale or lease such as government selling 100% of an enterprise or selling 51% or even by selling a minority stake as long as the private sector is given full managerial (management) control. In financial terms, privatization means transferring a company from one whose shares are listed on the stock exchange and can be bought by th e general public to one that is no longer listed or publicly traded because it has been bought by a private group.Privatization takes place to subvert the depletion of Government resources caused by losses of the state owned enterprises, this mostly createsgreater opportunities for the private sector to expand and modernizethese enterprises. Productivity, efficiency, profitability increases and the information of a rich capital market occurs which releases resources for instruction of the social and physical infrastructure. The process of privatization has some disadvantages as well. Private firms tend to be more efficient and cost telling so the excess workers are laid off to minimize costs. Employees do not benefit from paid leaves, which are given to government employees. Employees also dont prepare contracts for life time job in privatization, which they do commence in the public sector.Hassan (2008) stated that Saudi Arabia is experiencing the expenditures of public sector . Privatization does have an impact on employees in public organizations. When there is a policy of gradual privatization, the old employees are trained in a certain manner, as to be ready for their new jobs respectively. If the company is sold through selling stocks than some of stocks should be sold to the employees themselves or given it to them (stock pickaxes). This increases their interest in the company and they become more motivated and satisfied. The resultant is good governance and profit. During the privatization period there should be certain specialized organizations who should be allowed to take part in processes in order to breakthrough solutions or relocation of surplus labor force. Employees should be motivated and trained from specialized trainers before and after the privatization period as it results in better performance and productivity. Bhaskar and Khan (1995) states in the jute industry case, privatization reduced employment considerably, while the output w as not much reduced. Reduction in jobs was mainly of managers and the labor or mill-workers were not fired after privatization. The employment of manual (labor force) workers was increased in the privatized firms.Brown, Earle and Telegdy (2008) states that the greatest resistance of privatizing a firm usually comes from the firms own employees, who are afraid of lucre cuts and job losses. The new management of privatized firms reduces the organizations labor costs as harder budget constraints and stronger profit-related incentives are promoted by them. This is called as the Efficiency Effect of privatization. The lower costs increase the firms market share and the total quantity demanded for the industry. New owners may reduce wages in order to cut back costs but if the firm plans to expand, past they might offer high wages to attract new better and trained workers. Also, the new owners might bring in high tech machinery which does the job of attracting workers with higher skills, thus they get higher wages.Cunha and Cooper (2005) states that the companies which are undergoing the process of privatization, several issues take place with the employees of that organization. Some of them are, role confusion, role over-load and under load, new-work relationships, job insecurity, career advancement/future trainings and deterioration of working conditions. All these factors may lead to physical health symptoms such as headaches, depressions, cardiovascular diseases, tensity and anxiety etc, these factors and all of the listed above lead to dissatisfaction of the job subsequently.Falkenberg, Naswall, Sverke1 and Sjoberg (2009) states the employees working at different hierarchic levels have different resources and means to handle uncertainty associated with change (in our case privatization). Employees at a higher level of hierarchy have a greater responsibility in an organization and thus could experience more stress than other employee. Research also suggests t hat employees at higher positions are better able to handle uncertainty, as they are having more access to resources that jock improve the possible negative consequences of privatization. Higher level executives tend to report less suffering than other employees during privatization. The employees present at the lower hierarchic levels, who have fewer resources for handling change disorder, there is an inclination for them to be more negatively affected by privatization. In conclusion, we can observe that dissatisfaction is observed at all levels of the hierarchy, whereas the greatest levels of disarray experienced as we move down from the top to the bottom levels.Critical Analysis of literatureThe articles in the literature betray that privatization in the major parts of the world has created dissatisfaction amongst employees. Apart from the advantages of privatization to the firm itself and the employees, the method causes the firms to become cost effective, which means that dow nsizing takes place, jobs are lost. Paid leaves were offered to public sector employees along with life-time contractual jobs in most scenarios. All of this is removed once privatization takes place. As the management changes, the existing employees get confused about their roles, they experience stress, which leads to health problems such as cardiovascular (heart) diseases, depression, headaches etc. Usually, higher level executives are less affected than other employees during privatization. The employees present at the lower hierarchic levels, which have fewer resources, are more negatively affected by privatization.After the careful analysis of literature review, we have identified the following variables that will military service us in making out theoretical frameworkFear of hypothecate insecurityStock- resource planFringe BenefitsEmployees Union cooking and developmentRewards to the employees facts of life and developmentRewards to the employeesStock-option planFear of Job insecurityFringe BenefitsEmployee satisfaction level at PTCL after privatization(D.V)(I.Vs)Employees UnionTheoretical FrameworkEmployee satisfaction level at PTCL after privatization This is our Dependant multivariate. Other factors will be affecting the satisfaction level of the employees of PTCL after privatization transferly.In mutualist shiftingsFear of Job insecurityEmployees will have a eonian fear of job security which was not present before with the firm when it was owned by the state. This happens because the firms downsize to cut costs.Stock-option planThe employees if given a stock option plan would make them involved in the organization, as they would have a sensation of control and involvement in the firm. If this option is not given to the employees, they would be considerably dissatisfied and de-motivated.Fringe BenefitsFringe benefits such as paid leaves, housing allowances, travel/fuel allowanced etc increase the satisfaction level of employees. In a private fi rm, paid leaves are cancelled and are declared null and void.Employees UnionThe Employee Unions protect and safeguard the laws/rights of employees. Basically, its a upkeep and the voice of employees. They are very helpful in resolving the disputes between the employees and the employers. Private firms usually put a stop to all the legal jointures and their activities.Training and developmentTraining (O.T.J/O.T.J) increases satisfaction level of employees, as they are offered a chance in advancing in their careers.Rewards to the employeesRewards, compensations and better salary packages are the employee essential reasons for the satisfaction levels of employees.Proposed Research MethodologySample SelectionSampling involves selecting individual units to measure from a larger population. The population refers to the set of individual units which the research question seeks to remember out about. The Sample would consist of the employees that are working in Islamabad only. Our sample will base on every nth employee of PTCL in Islamabad. We will take every 10th employee of PTCL in Islamabad as our sample.Sampling framesThe ingest frame is the group of individuals who had a real chance of being selected for the sample. Our sampling technique would be Systematic Random Sampling for the masses of the workforce of PTCL in Islamabad. The population will include all employees that are working in PTCL. Total numbers of employees of PTCL are approximately 64000 (It comprises 56,000 regular and 8,000 contractual).Unit of AnalysisOur target is not towards the collective communities in the data collection stage, but instead is focused on the individuals i.e. the employees of PTCL in Islamabad.Type of StudyOur study type is Exploratory as we are exploring the level of employee satisfaction after the privatization of PTCL. We are exploring the impact on employee after the privatization of PTCL.Time HorizonThe total time period for this research is not over a period of time but is specifically at a time. That time is the cross-sectional (snapshot).Researchers StrengthThe researchers are graduates who are pursuing their masters degree presently. This gives them the added advantage of being familiar with report penning and research capabilities. They have access and knowledge to latest methods and tools for academically related research work.Instrument development/selection Questionnaires InterviewsProposed Data-Collection MethodsThe proposed data collection methods are questionnaires. They will be consisting of both, open and closed ended questionnaires. Another data collection method would be the use of likert scale, which will consist of responses.SURVEY QUESTIONNAIREMEASURING THE level OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION IN THE PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED AFTER PRIVATIZATIONPlease show your level of agreement by marking tick () against each avermentKey5 = SA Strongly Agree 4 = A Agree 3 = N Neither Agree Nor Disagree= DA Disagree 1 = SD St rongly DisagreeFear of Job insecuritySD D N A SAQ1) I fear that I will be replaced by other employee who will be hired from the corporate sector.12345Q2) I fear that, while adapting the cost-benefit strategy after privatization the firm might fire me as a downsizing measure.12345Stock-option planSD D N A SAQ3) My Company offers stock-options/shares at a discounted price.12345Q4) My Company gives stock-options/shares instead of cash bonuses, so that I have a feeling of increased satisfaction with the firm.12345Fringe BenefitsQ.5) My Company gives attractive benefits in housing allowances for both purchasing and rental.12345Q.6) My Company provides yearly travel and holiday packages for me and my family.12345 SD D N A SAEmployees UnionQ7) My Company has an employees union, which protects and fights for the rights of employees, when an incident of injustice occurs.12345 SD D N A SATraining and developmentQ8) My Company offers training and development program that helps me in career pr ogression.12345 SD D N A SASD D N A SAQ9) Rewards are offered to employees on a timely basis.12345Q10) Rewards are given in pecuniary/nonmonetary forms.12345Q11) Project/goal culmination in early timeframe and high achievers get rewards practically.12345Rewards to the employeesEmployee SatisfactionQ12) I am satisfied with the work assigned to me in this organization.12345 SD D N A SAPersonal informationQ13. Gender1 Male 2 FemaleQ14. Age1 15-252 25-353 Below 504 Above 50Q15. Qualification1 Matric-P.T.C 2. FA/Fcs-C.T 3 Grad (B.Ed) 4 Post Grad (M.Ed) 5 OthersQ16. Designation1 Top/Administrative level 2 Middle level. 3 Low level / Supervisory / First-line managersQ17. Experience1 1-5 years.2 6-10 years.3 11-15 years.4 16-20 years.5 21 Above.Thank you for your worth(predicate) time and input.Best regards,M.B.A StudentsHaseeb RazaAsher ShafqatS.Z.A.B.I.S.T, Islamabad.Results and DiscussionsDescriptive StatisticsDescriptive statistics is used check the nature of the data and its Mean va lues and Standard deviation.Mean X / N (X = Sum of all Mean)= 31.42 / 30= 1.0473The mean value is 1.0473. This shows that most of the responses are towards strongly disagree. It means after privatization of P.T.C.L most of the employees are dissatisfied with their work and other benefits given to them.CorrelationCorrelation coefficient is a measure of the relationship between two attributes. It is also known as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The value of coefficient can revolve from -1 to +1.Consider the variables x and y If r = -1, then x and y are perfectly negatively correlated. If r = 1, then x and y are perfectly positively correlated. If r = 0, then x and y are not correlated.QUESTIONSFear of DownsizingStock-options/shares at a discounted priceHousing allowancesEmployees unionGoal completion and high achievers get rewards practicallyEmployee SatisfactionFear of replacing by some other employee0.902-0.7873-0.8640Stock-options/shares instead of cash bonuse s0.5048Travel and holiday packages0.6621Training and development program0.78970.8518Monetary/Non-monetary Rewards0.6690Fear of downsizing is positively correlated with fear of replacing by another employee.Goal Completion and high achievers get rewards practically is negatively correlated with fear of replacing by another employee. If there will be fear that employee will be replaced then the employee will not complete his goal and will not achieve high.Stock-options/shares at a discounted price is positively correlated with Stock-options/shares instead of cash bonuses.Housing allowances is positively correlated with Travel and holiday packages.Employees union is positively correlated with Training and development program.Employee satisfaction is negatively correlated with fear of replacing by another employee. If there will be fear that employee will be replaced by another employee of corporate sector then employee will be dissatisfied.Employee satisfaction is positively correlated with Training and development program.Employee satisfaction is positively correlated with Monetary/Non-monetary Rewards. reversalRegression analysis is a statistical technique that is used to analyze and represent the relationship between two or more variables. A linear regression model is used to explain the relationship between two or more variables, Using the Formula Y= a + bX.Y= Dependent Variablea= Y intercept/ constantb= tipX= In symbiotic VariableDependent Variable Employee SatisfactionIn subject Variable Fear of Job insecurity, Stock-option plan, Fringe Benefits, Employees Union, Training and development, Rewards to the employees.TABLE 1RegressionDependent Variable Employee SatisfactionIndependent Variable Fear of Job insecurity, Stock-option plan, Fringe Benefits, Employees Union, Training and development, Rewards to the employees.TABLE 2TABLE 3As shown in Table 3 the value of constant a is 1.853.Fear of Job insecurityFear of downsizingIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Fear of downsizing fetching 1.360 as constant then its shift B would be -0.291putt the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360-0.291 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360-0.291 (Fear of downsizing)Significance take aim = 0.158The value of B Is negative, so the variables have inverse relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Fear of downsizing decreases.Stock-option planStock option-shares at a discounted priceIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Stock option-shares at a discounted price taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.080Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.080 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.080 (Stock option-shares at a discounted price)Significance Level = 0.528The value of B is Positive, so the variables have occupy relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Stock option-shares at a discounted price also increases.Stock option-shares instead of cash bonusesIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Stock option-shares instead of cash bonuses taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.140Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.140 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.140 (Stock option-shares instead of cash bonuses)Significance Level = 0.220The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Stock option-shares instead of cash bonuses also increases.Fringe BenefitsTravel and holiday packagesIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Travel and holiday packages taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.082Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.082 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.082 (Travel and holiday packages)Significance Level = 0.610The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each oth er. If we increase satisfaction then Travel and holiday packages also increases.Employees UnionIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Employees Union taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.063Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.063 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.063 (Employees Union)Significance Level = 0.764The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Employees Union also increases.Training and developmentIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Training and development taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.206Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.206 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.206 (Training and development)Significance Level = 0.269The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Training and development also increases.Rewards to the employeesTimely basis rewardsIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Timely basis rewards taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.198Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.198 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.198 (Timely basis rewards)Significance Level = 0.280The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each other. If we increase satisfaction then Timely basis rewards also increases.Goal completion and High achieversIf we take dependent Variable Y as Employee Satisfaction and Independent Variable X as Goal completion and High achievers taking 1.360 as constant then its slope B would be 0.024Putting the values in the Y= a + bX, we getY= 1.360+0.024 XJob Satisfaction = 1.360+0.024 (Goal completion and High achievers)Significance Level = 0.877The value of B is Positive, so the variables have direct relation with each other. If we increase satisfacti on then Goal completion and High achievers also increases.RecommendationsOur recommendations are based on the results generated from the questionnaire. Overall we can conclude that the variables identified in out framework do strongly affect the satisfaction level of employees at PTCL after privatization. Employees strongly agree that they have a certain fear of losing their jobs after privatization. Stock option plans, or giving employees stock/share as added benefits instead of cash bonus etc. would increase satisfaction levels and make the employees more productive in the privatized firm. The employees agreed for having regular handing out of the stock options in the company. Fringe benefits are those services that motivate the employees and increase their satisfaction levels considerably. Employees were disagree, when they were asked to assess the fringe benefits as direct measure of their satisfaction levels in PTCL after privatization. Employee unions or those entities that sa feguard the rights of employees. Employees responses were strongly disagree that there were no Employees Union present in their organization. Basically these unions proceed unfair measures from happening with the employees. Training and development enhances the careers of employee and grooms them in the corporate world. It also paves way for their promotions in an organization. The employees responses were mostly disagreed because there was no training given to them after privatization. Training should be given to them that help them in their career progression. Rewards should be given to them on timely basis and all kind of monetary/non-monetary rewards should be given to them. To appreciate the employees who complete their Projects/goals before time rewards should be given to them so that they get motivated and satisfied and achieve high.

Technology Push Development

Technology pull DevelopmentPart 1 Short questionsTechnology push development The Pebble gestate is a radical innovation. Eric Migicovsky constituted a watch to use whilst bike riding, the watch had to communicate with his smart phone, providing message notifications. The engine room was tested but the concept was spick-and-span creating a whole new market of smart watches. Figure 1 Pebble watch (Pebble Technology, 2012)Market pull development The digital camera is an example of this, customers wanted a product that takes to a greater extent pictures and shows results instantly, through with(predicate) technological advances incremental changes were made to go from a standard film camera taking 36 pictures, to digital cameras that can take 1000s.Figure 2 Rugby ball evolution (Image History-Gilbert, N.D Rugby ball Wikipedia, N.D)The above figure shows how the rugby ball has evolved over time. Left- The premier(prenominal) rugby ball made from pigs bladder stuffed inside lea ther housing, the size of the bladder determined the shape and size. Middle -The first official rugby ball, this had a rubber bladder, the shape and size could be controlled, this is due to material enhancements. Officials then called for a ball that is uniform in shape and size. Due to advancements in technology and manufacturing processes, we now obligate the ball on the right made from plastic and rubber.Goal This sets out the desired result or solution we want the intent to achieve. This does not state how this should be achieved. Context The target audience / market is set out in this section, who ar we designing this new product for. Constraints In this part we specify restrictions for the design such(prenominal) as budget, time frame, even things corresponding materials that should be utilize, is placed in this section. Criteria Is a wish list of things we would like the design to achieve. It bequeaths a method of how the design solutions will be graded the design that fulfils more or less of the criteria will be prefer competent.Figure 3 Android TV box Remote controlThe removed(p) above is a good piece of equipment but in my opinion it has one main design failure. The remote communicates via infrargond with the TV box, meaning if there is no clear line of sight then the remote does not function. This can be very frustrating. The TV box has WIFI and Bluetooth capabilities built in so by removing the infr atomic number 18d and replacing with a Bluetooth connection we could eliminate the need for line of sight do the remote a pleasure to use. user test A group of selected persons are asked to use a product with a specific and controlled set of instruction manual so everyone uses the product in exactly the same manner and normally at the same time, unlike laboratory conditions but like a controlled groundwork environment.User trials The group of persons are given a product to use at their own homes for a set period they will then provide feedba ck on how the product fits in with their normal daily vitals, the things they liked and disliked or even when and where they used the product. Figure 4 Aston Martin Rapide S (Rapide S, 2017) Figure 5 Rapide S interior (Rapide S, 2017)I have been in one of these, its a dream car. The noise the engine makes raises the hairs on your neck, the smell and smack of the interior is nice elegance (Physio-pleasure).Owning one of these would make me belong to a group of people that enjoy the finer things in life (Socio-pleasure). Sitting behind the wheel makes you feel important and powerful (Psycho-pleasure). One of Aston Martins policies is to do whatever it takes to reduce their carbon footprint because with power comes responsibility thus we are responsible for the world we live in (Ideo-pleasure).User profile This is a collection of the distinguishing features of a particular group of people for example people surrounded by 16-30 course of studys old are more likely to listen to pop music than say people between 50- 70 years of age. User persona This is a fictional drug user created by the designer to assist in the design process. This user will be created out of one of the user profiles and will be described in detail down to a name and character traits.Ergonomics looks at how we as humans move and what our body limitations are to create designs that are more compatible with our bodies. This study allows designs to improve usability of the products whether it is approximatelything that sits better in the palm of your hand thereby prolonging the length of time the user can use the product without variant the body or a chair that curves with the spine to improve circulation etcetera, it all involves the study of what works best with our bodies. Figure 6 Push-button whack (Push button tap, N.D)The timed-flow tap is a good example of inclusive design, even though it is designed to supply a timed amount of water, the way it is designed means that a much volum inousr group of people can use this tap in comparison to a regular tap, this tap can be used by people with disabilities such as arthritis or even amputees. This product can be used by many people without the need for adapting it.I have tried to think a bit more like a designer by keeping in mind what would be important to a client but also considering human factors, I found this a bit of a challenge as I am a hands on kind of guy but I understand that this needs improvement from my part. I tried to stick to the same format for my TMA as I scored well in the last TMA.Word count 936 (limit 900)Part 2 inquirying and writing a design brief. voice 1 Gathering information.A product to improve fitness TreadmillsProduct AreaThree of the broader market orbits use products for improving fitness Retail sector consists of personal users, the Commercial sector contains entities such as Health clubs and the Public sector has hospitals etcetera. (AMAResearch, 2016)Cardiovascular exercise combat s a range of disorders and improves overall wellbeing, thus a bicycle, treadwheel or course machine would be a good. (Metabolic disorders, 2016)In 2015 approximately 67% of people aged(a) between 16-54 years met the minimum recommended exercise levels in the UK providing potentially large market areas. (Physical activity statistics 2015, 2016)Market sales for treadmills are approximately 83 million per year (Yozgat, 2014) this may not be accurate but its outlay looking into treadmills.UsersStatistic shows people on higher income tend to exercise on a regular basis (Physical activity statistics 2015, 2016) aiming at the middle to top-end of the market would be ideal.The people that use treadmills tend to be those that are trying to lose weight, may have medical conditions making an exercise machine that can legal profession heart-rate and blood pressure in valuable.The largest group of people that exercise are aged 25 to 54, the working age they do it to feel good or look better . (Fitnessforweightloss, 2015)Product informationFigure 7 ARGOS catalogue part 1 (ARGOS spring/summer 2017, N.D)Figure 8 ARGOS catalogue part 2 (ARGOS spring/summer 2017, N.D)The Argos catalogue showed a range of treadmills costing 100-3500 this includes manual treadmills and aimised treadmills.Cheaper models were less sturdy, had a smaller running surface because higher speeds cannot be achieved.Lower end models had smaller motors thus unable to maintain set speeds when an incline is introduced, creating a weight restriction for user usage.Top range models spate away electronically this could be a safety concern for younger children.Materials TechnologiesParts Table12Extrusion rails11Electric motor3Treadmill belt12Drive whole45Rollers13Motor hood cover6Running deck14Treadmill frame7End cap15Electric circuit board8Elevation motor actuator16Control social unit of measurement9Motor pan17Hand rails10Motor fan18Electric supply unitFigure 9 Basic treadmill parts( c.searspartsdirect. com,N.D)Table 1Parts table for figure 9The main materials are Polyurethane, Nylon-Polyester (treadmill belt), Steel or aluminium (frame) and wood (running deck).These are good materials with good properties theyre useful or renewable making them environmentally friendly.Figure 10 Basic unit (Jhony, 2017) Figure 11 Advanced unit (fitness-superstore.co.uk, N.D.)As can be seen from above figures the control units can be basic to very advance measuring all aspects of the fitness routine.Technologies already interconnected into treadmills are heart-rate monitoring sensors and blood pressure sensors.Theres prospect to add ECG monitoring or Bio-electrical impedance for body fat measuring.I have a safety concern about treadmills that operate without a user being on it, this could cause harm to children.Word count 399 (limit 400)Section 2 ResearchFigure 12 Outer boxFigure 13 Inner packagingFigure 14 Possibility of trapping wiringFigure 15 Cheap plastic partFigure 16 Feet rest with roller for movingFigure 17 MP3 connectionUser ResearchUser shimmy on a Reebok ZR9 treadmill, beginning at unpacking, assembly and first time use. During each stage I stopped and took note of my feelings, what I found elicit or disappointing. I was experiencing all four pleasures, something I have never taken notice of before, the Reebok brand made me feel like an athlete, the control unit made me feel excited about the different routines I could try out, the smooth lines of the treadmill is a pleasure to look at and professionalism is evident in all aspects.Points to note, packaging creates initial feeling of excitement and professionalism. Assembly was simple and clearly laid out, a concern is that electrical wiring could get detain during assembly. Some parts looked cheap, not in keeping with design. Using the treadmill is user-friendly, no method of measuring weight and as I have no MP3 player the function to connect to one is of no use, create a wireless connection so any media can be played through the speakers.User trips are good for experiencing the pleasures but may be biased I found I was willing to overlook faults. Prior operation cognition meant I have learnt to navigate around nuisances meaning I may have missed something.I interviewed a personnel trainer at my local anesthetic gym, this was very informative I was able to learn a lot about what types of people use treadmills, when and for what reasons they use it, the trainer also pointed out some user tendencies. Interviews widen the variety of information available to you as designer.Things to note, treadmills are mainly used as a weight loss device and tyro users only use the quick start function as they feel intimidated by all the different settings and functions.User Profile I ab initio split my potential users into 3 groups, this was done by splitting them into age groups (15 to 23, 24-56 and 57+ years), I chose to do a user profile for the group aged between 24 to 56 years because this seems to be the group more likely to use and buy a treadmill based on their characteristics.User characteristicsTreadmill users aged 24 to 56 years characteristicsGenderBoth male and female.Physical limitationsMay range from fully-able bodied people to having some limitations such as, hearing and sight problems, mobility problems such as loss of a limb, can also range in shape and size.EducationLittle or no education, unable to read or write up to very high levels of education.Computer/IT skillsLikely to be well educated in computer literacy and technological advances.MotivationCan range from being well motivated to use a treadmill for social interaction, enhancing fitness state, relaxation (stress reduction) or controlling body weight to unmotivated to use it because of health reasons.AttitudeLikely to be positive depending on how in force(p) the treadmill can provide the required training levels and features the user may be expecting.FinanceLow to high levels of income, more likely to b e on higher levels of income as career tends to be well grounded at this stage.Daily physical activityMay range from being in agile due to working in an office to very active working as a postal worker for example.Exercise equipment experienceVery likely to have experience in the use of a range of exercise equipment.LifestyleLikely to be athletic viewing exercise as fun, be sports-savvy viewing sport as a fashion statement, may be health oriented -likes to have a specific diet or may have medical reasons for keeping fit.User Persona Leroy (Persona for the treadmill users aged 24 to 56 year group)Leroy is a 28 year old male. He works as a stock broker and earns 80 000 per year, graduated from Queen Mary University with a MSc Wealth Management degree. Leroy is in a steady relationship with Claire, they are living in a spacious three bedroom upmarket apartment in a London suburb, it is situated near a large gym and very close to an Underground station this makes travelling to pubs, sho ps and other(a) amenities very simple. He lives a very fast paced life, takes great pride in his image. Shopping for good expensive clothing is important as this makes him stand out from others. Leroy plays squash with his friend Paul in the mornings to get him in the right frame of mind for work this helps because he is very competitive. afterward work he will meet Claire at the Gym to do some cardio on the treadmill, this helps them to relax after a tough day. Having a treadmill at home will free up some time that he would appreciate spending with his friends and family.I used the persona activity to create a template for my persona, I immersed myself in to it, I imagined myself as Leroy, I know this may not be a true reflection of a real person and asking someone else to complete a persona notebook would perhaps give me views I could not imagine.Word count 849 (limit 800)Section 3 Detailed design briefGoalTo design a motorised treadmill that will improve overall fitness levels of the user match to their current state of health and well-being with minimal programming input from the user.ContextPeople use treadmills for weight-loss, relaxation and stress-management or to maintain and improve their health and well-being. The main reason users dont exercise is a lack of time, figuring out what program is best for the users goal is time consuming and confusing thus most users tend to use the basic stop start functions making the user experience mundane and therefore the user is less likely to stay motivated. Users that have a goal to work towards or that is stimulated audio-visually are more likely to stay motivated and return to exercise more frequently. This brief provides an opportunity to challenge the traditional image of the treadmill that is seen as mundane by creating something interesting that forms part of the users everyday life.ConstraintsThe design mustUser-centred, ease of use and functions to be self-explanatory.Energy-efficient, energy consump tion must have an energy-efficiency rating of A or better.Non-moving parts to last lifespan of the design.All parts must be recyclable or come from a renewable source.Ready for market launch within a maximum of 5 years.To retail at approximately 750. competent to connect with a variety of devices.Maintain a maximum speed of up to 16 km per hour with a maximum user profane of up to 140kg.The running-deck must have a minimum running area of 135cm x 46cm.Mains operated.Be safe and reliableCriteriaThe design shouldUsable by able bodied and disable bodied users, limitations can include sight problems, hearing-loss and loss of limbs or mobility issues such as arthritis.Appeal to male and female users aged between 16-56 years.Require little to no maintenance.Assembly should be simple and easy to follow.Able to be stored neatly and compactly.Be easy to move during storage.Word keep down 324 (limit 300)ReferencesARGOS (2017) ARGOS spring / summer 2017, ARGOS.Aston Martin Rapide S (2017) As ton Martin. Available at http//www.astonmartin.com/cars/rapide-s (Accessed 4 February 2017).C.Searspartsdirect.com (No Date) Available at http//c.searspartsdirect.com/lis_png/PLDM/P9110011-00001.png (Accessed 6 February 2017).FitnessforWeightLoss (2015) Gym statistics Members, equipment, and cancellations. Available at http//www.fitnessforweightloss.com/gym-statistics-members-equipment-and-cancellations/ (Accessed 4 February 2017).Fitness-Superstore.co.uk (No Date) Available at http//www.fitness-superstore.co.uk/technogym-spazio-forma-folding-treadmill-with-training-link.html (Accessed 3 January 2017).FreeGreatPicture (2016) Free photo man sports competition game Racquetball exercise. Available at http//maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Man-Sports-Competition-Game-Racquetball-Exercise-89823 (Accessed 9 February 2017).Image History Gilbert (no date) Available at https//www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilbertsa.co.za%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2Fhistory31.jpgimgre furl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilbertsa.co.za%2Fhistory%2Fdocid=8eSbVl-aVYRhrMtbnid=wdHhJhz5Z8ZayM%3Avet=1w=725h=275bih=636biw=1242q=rugby%20ball%20historyved=0ahUKEwjGo7jm0vbRAhXBD8AKHW8oAyoQMwgeKAIwAgiact=mrcuact=8h=275imgrc=wdHhJhz5Z8ZayMvet=1w=725 (Accessed 4 February 2017).Image Rugby ball Wikipedia (no date) Available at https//www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F3%2F35%2FRichard_Lindon_(1816-1887).jpg%2F150px-Richard_Lindon_(1816-1887).jpgimgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRugby_balldocid=lW8pE2oOw1kUKMtbnid=JYnP6tWeXFBirM%3Avet=1w=150h=218bih=636biw=1242q=rugby%20ball%20historyved=0ahUKEwjGo7jm0vbRAhXBD8AKHW8oAyoQMwgpKA0wDQiact=mrcuact=8h=218imgrc=JYnP6tWeXFBirMvet=1w=150 (Accessed 4 February 2017).Jhony (2017) Buy Opti manual folding treadmill at Argos.Co.Uk your online shop for treadmills, fitness equipment, sports and leisure. Available at http//www.argos.co.uk/product/6127743 (Accessed 6 February 2017 ).Metabolic disorders (2016) Available at http//www.technogym.com/gb/business-solution/metabolic-disorders/ (Accessed 3 January 2017).Pebble Technology (2012) Pebble watch trio group 04 Available at https//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FilePebble_watch_trio_group_04.png (Accessed 23 January 2017).Physical activity statistics 2015 (2016) Available at https//www.bhf.org.uk/publications/statistics/physical-activity-statistics-2015 (Accessed 4 January 2017).Push button tap (no date) Available at https//www.google.co.uk/search?q=push+button+tapespv=2biw=1242bih=636source=lnmstbm=ischsa=Xved=0ahUKEwjh3-aK1_bRAhVTOMAKHZ7gACkQ_AUIBygCimgrc=AQF6rJotS-erZM (Accessed 4 February 2017).The Open University (2013) Designing for people Book 2, Milton Keynes, The Open University.Yozgat, B. (2014) How many treadmills are sold each year? Available at http//www.howmanyarethere.net/how-many-treadmills-are-sold-each-year/ (Accessed 4 January 2017).(The references are not included in the word count)