Information Technology Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Technology Management - Assignment Example that it prepares me to become well grounded in the organizations fundamental theory, making of decisions, becoming a leader in the organization and learning the ropes of team work. By learning Information Systems, one becomes well versed with current research methods and new information technologies that are emerging (Turban & Wood, 2013). As globalization sets in, IS prepares you for the emerging opportunities in software systems industry in any part of the world. It is quite interesting since it exposes one to world cultures and available opportunities for growth through communications between different cultures, global development systems and languages. Information Technology Management equips one with relevant knowledge for the development of creative and effective solutions of IT based on an absolute understanding of business opportunities and challenges. ITM prepares one to have a strong technical foundation in new approaches to information systems development which is inclusiv e of planning, analyzing, designing and programming (Turban et al, 2006). My career objective is Information technology Manager. ITM will prepare me to manage a network of people working in systems development, provide maintenance for major applications and implementing them. Information technology managers as well as information systems managers are in charge of secure and effective computer systems operations, software and hardware and applications used in both private and public organizations (Standing and Jackson, 2008). No organization can run effectively with the absence of such professionals since their skills and competencies are an integral part of every organization despite of the size or area of specialization. They are useful in an organization since they are responsible for: The role of an IT manager in the banking sector and that of the healthcare industry has both similarities and disparities. In the banking sector an IT manager is comes across different challenges

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay Example for Free

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay How do the Sacred Texts and beliefs of Islam OR Christianity, inform a Religion that is relevant to contemporary adherents? In todays society, unlike many years ago religion is not seen as an important part of peoples lives. People are way to busy or so they think to be ‘wasting their time’ with religion, and church. But for those who do believe in a religion, especially those from the Islamic religion, they take part in a religion that was formed hundreds of years ago, still using and believing in the same scared texts and beliefs. Islamic environmental ethics are drawn from the 3 underpinning principle beliefs, that are the 3 central concepts of Islam and the pillars of Islamic environmental ethics. Tawhid a belief brought upon many many years ago, is the belief of Unity. It believes in the Unity and oneness of all created by Allah and that unity is reflected in the created world, thus the Tawhid demands that the integrity of the created world be maintained by balance and harmony. â€Å"The whole earth has been created a place of worship, pure and clean. Hadith The Khalifa, belief in Stewardship, is the belief that Allah has made humans responsible for all creation and with this involves appropriate use of resources for human needs. â€Å"It is He that has made you custodians; inheritors of the earth. † (Qur’an Surah 6:165) Akrah is the belief of accountability, Muslims believe that they will be judged on how they have acted, and ones treatment of gods created world. The sources of ethical tea chings, and the relationship between humans and the universe is outlined in the Qur’an, Hadith and Shari’a. It is defined in Qur’an as based on meditation of the universe and what it contains, sustainable utilization and development for human benefit, care and nurture extended beyond humans to the benefit of created beings. The Hajj is an obligation which fulfils one of the five pillars of Islam required of a Muslim at least once in a lifetime for those financially and physically able â€Å"those who can make their way there†. It is a faithful submission to the will of Allah. And pilgrimage to the House is incumbent upon men for the sake of Allah† – Surah 3:96. Before embarking on this miraculous journey, pilgrims must redress all wrongs, organise funds for the journey and the family being left behind, and prepare themselves for good conduct during the Hajj. The Journey then goes for 5 full days, starting officially on the 8th day of Dhul-Hijjah. After completing the Hajj with all rites performed, pilgrims have earned the right to be called al-Hajj or al-Hajji. The Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam through commemorating important religious events. These include Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Ka’ba, and established the rituals of the Hajj to reflect his life, Muhammad’s last sermon on Arafat, Jamra symbolises Abraham throwing stones at Satan who tried to dissuade him from sacrificing Isaac, and Nahr reflects Allah replacing Isaac with a sacrificial lamb. The Hajj reinforces fundamental islamic concepts with the Five Pillars of Faith. Shahada, the declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah is expressed through the Hajj by Talbiya (a prayer that states the pilgrimage is only for the glory of Allah) and through Mount Arafat (the place of Muhammads last sermon, where all are closest to Allah) Salat, the 5 daily prayers is expressed through the Hajj as the Hajj is a period where pilgrims are directly communicating with Allah and Muslims are in actual proximity of the Ka’ba. Zakat, Almsgiving is shown through the Hajj as the meat sacrificed or money given for nahr is distributed amongst family, friends and the poor, it also shows the obligation of the wealthy to the poor and Ihram, which means that money and status are not a factor for pilgrims and that all are equal. Sawm, fasting is expressed through the Hajj as it is a time of prayer, meditation and asking for forgiveness, as well as the Sa’y as it re-enacts Hajar’s search for food; empathy for hunger. Al-Akhira is believed to be the world to come, Muslims believe in an afterlife where they will be held accountable for their lives (Akhra), they believe that by participating in the Hajj there is a greater prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is not only significant to the individual but also to the community. The Hajj is significant to the individual as the Hajj is an opportunity for Muslims to experience spiritual rebirth and develop a sense of consciousness in Allah. It is also opportunity to reassess and confirm their Islamic beliefs. The Hajj provides opportunity for the pilgrim to improve their spirituality through worship, hardship and salat. It focuses the individual on jihad; sacrificing time, skills, money and struggling against external evils. Enables the pilgrim’s renewal through cleansing from sin. â€Å"whoever performs the Hajj will come home like a newborn†. The Hajj reinforces Allah’s mercy and compassion as it exceeds His anger by forgiving the sins of the sinful creation by declaring an absolute pardon for every pilgrim upon completion of the accepted rituals of Hajj. The individual strengthens their relationship with Allah and gains a greater understanding of Islamic history and has a better prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is significant to the community as the Hajj is a sign of unity, equality and a sense of pride in the global umma as they pray together and are equal in the ihram garments. It brings together Muslims of all races to from a fellowship for such a significant practice in the Islamic faith, and the hajj acts as a universal reminder of the blessing of Allah on humanity of our diversity and the brotherhood to worship the one Allah. As the Hajj and Environmental ethics apply themselves with todays contemporary society, the beliefs and sacred texts are used to form ideas of how to look after the environment and why it is necessary to participate in the Hajj.

On Line Recruiting Essay -- Business Hiring Job Jobs Employer Essays

On-Line Recruiting On-line recruiting is the process of attracting and hiring applicants for positions within an organization through use of the internet. In this paper I will assess an on-line recruitment service, identify the advantages and disadvantages of this vehicle as a recruiting technique for an organization, evaluate the pros and cons of dealing with virtual resumes, and develop criteria an organization can use for selecting an on-line recruiting service. CareerBuilder.com is an on-line recruitment service based out of Reston, Virginia. Their resume database contains of over 1.5 million resumes, utilizes over 250 search agents, and has over 48,000 jobs posted on the main site, as well as 243,000 on their network, which consists of over fifty participating sites and network job boards. CareerBuilder.com was rated by the February 2000 Forester Report as the most efficient on-line service, and claims to provide employers with the best access and exposure to top websites such as MSN and USA Today, along with various industry sites and localized new sites. CareerBuilder.com also provides interactive banner advertising on its home site, as well as all participating job sites and career centers on the internet, providing additional advertising exposure to their cclients (Career Builder, Inc.,1996-2000). Although the Job Search Agent only hunts through jobs posted on the Career Builder network, which limits the amount of informa tion available to their clients, CareerBuilder.com was rated by The Standard.com as ?by far the best job megasite for employers... practically perfect in every way? (Slayton,2000,popup chart). There are several advantages and disadvantages to using this particular vehicle to recruit potential employees. Using an internet recruitment service is more cost effective; a newspaper advertisement costs between $50 to $100, and is good for approximately ten days. An internet listing costs as little as $10, and lasts up to thirty days. Internet services also provide immediate results, where as newspaper ads can take as long as one week for the company to receive any responses. Lastly, utilizing the internet provides an employer access to a greater number and range of applicants . Disadvantages include a greater amount of responses to review, which can be very time consuming, many of which may not be ... ... In summary, the introduction of the internet has completely altered the way employers hire, how individuals seek out work, how employees feel about their current employer, and how companies manage human resources. The utilization of an on-line recruitment service has become a necessary, as well as very effective way, to organize and manipulate the information available to both employers and employees adequately in today?s job market. References Career Builder, Inc. (1996-2000). About Us. CareerBuilder.com. [On-Line]. Available: http://corporate/ourcompany.html. Career Builder, Inc. (1996-2000). What We Do. CareerBuilder.com. [On-Line]. Available: http://corporate/employers.html.. Slayton, Joyce (2000). Recruiter Beware. The Industry Standard Magazine. [On-line]. Available: http://www.thestandard.com/article/table/0,213,18304-1,00.html?popupw=511 Dessler, Gary (2000) . Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Human Resources at Wharton (2001). How On-Line Recruiting Changes the Hiring Game. Knowlege at wharton.Com. [On-Line]. Available: http://knowlege.wharton.eupenn.edu/articles.cfm?articleid=314&catid=10.

IDEA – due process & procedural safeguards

Idea: Due Process & A ; Procedural SafeguardsIDEA stresses the cardinal importance of the function of educational decision makers every bit good as parent ‘s in the affair of each single pupil ‘s academic public presentation. IDEA outlines the necessary actions for a school territory to implement an single educational plan, besides known as an IEP. The first measure each territory must follow is to inform the parents of the pupil in inquiry. â€Å" IDEA sets forth demands for States and local educational bureaus ( school territories ) in supplying particular instruction and related services to kids with disablements, ages 3 through 21 ( US Dept. of Educ. , 2010, para.1 ) . The territory must besides supply a â€Å" anterior written notice † to the parents. At specified times, the school territory must supply parents with a â€Å" procedural precautions notice † which explains their rights under Part B of the IDEA. Prior to July 1, 2005 province and federal ordinances required school territories to supply the parent with a transcript of procedural precautions upon each presentment of an Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) meeting ( US Dept. of Educ. , 2010, para.1 ) . The typical province ordinance used today â€Å" school territories merely require the proviso of procedural precautions statement to be given to the parent one clip per school twelvemonth, during initial referral for rating for pupils, besides on the day of the month to do any alterations to the pupils IEP, every bit good as a parental petition for any extra transcripts, and moreover upon the first happening of the filing of a due procedure hearing petition or kid ailment is another clip a parent will have the precaution statement † ( DESE, 2010, portion B parity. 2 ) . Under 34 CFR AA §300.503 ( degree Celsius ) , each single school territory must give parents a written in the native linguistic communication of the parent and dated when any opportunities are made in the instruction of the pupil. Under 34 CFR AA §300.503 ( a ) the school territory must advise parents if a pupil is refused any educational services pending rating consequences. Taylor, S ( 2005 ) . Basically after eligibility is determined, parents are notified, and if in understanding, the IEP for the pupil will be developed and implemented. However concerns originate with parents and pedagogues of what is deemed appropriate for the single pupil. Typically a ailment made by either a parent or school decision maker deems a demand for a due procedure hearing. Each party will show their grounds with an ample sum of factual information to make a decision of action. Parents and pedagogues will explicate their grudges in an appropriate mode. Parents and pedagogues will routinely mention back to the pupils IEP. If plaintiff makes a ailment that is non portion of the pupils IEP, typically the consequence will non be favourable for that peculiar party. Each party demands to hold grounds to back up their statement. The end is to convert the justice to do a determination in favour of the grounds provided. The ailment must be caused by the school ‘s actions, or deficiency of action, refering to the pupils educational public assistance, and/or if the pupil is non having educational benefit that is stated in IEP and without disciplinary steps, the pupil ‘s instruction will be harmed. Each school territory must take appropriate steps, including the proviso of auxiliary AIDSs and services determined appropriate and necessary by the kid ‘s IEP Team, to supply kids with disablements an equal chance for engagement in instruction. Section 300.308 requires that the IEP squads finding the eligibility for kids suspected of holding a learning disablement are to include: the kid ‘s parents ; a squad of qualified professionals including the kid ‘s regular instruction instructor ; at least one individual qualified to carry on single diagnostic scrutiny of kids, e.g. a school psychologist or reading specializer. Section 300.309 ( a ) a squad can happen that a kid has a learning disablement if the kid does n't accomplish adequately for the kid ‘s age or does n't run into grade-level criterions. When difference declaration, mediation have non helped a due procedure hearing is the following measure to do a more definite program of action refering to a pupils educational demands. What is due procedure? A due procedure hearing is normally an functionary, test between parents and school territories. Each party will be represented by their ain chosen council. Harmonizing to William B. nor shall any State deprive any individual of life, autonomy, or belongings, without due procedure of jurisprudence. Typically a parent or school functionary will convey a compliant to either party. The compliant will include a description of the issue and possible redresss to the job or alteration. Then the following measure is a response, that is necessary within 10 yearss of reception of a due procedure petition ; the non-complaining party ( school or parent ) must direct a written response to the kicking party. Within 15 yearss, the hearing officer and the other parties must be notified in composing if the hearing notice is thought to be deficient. The hearing officer has 5 yearss to find the importance of the notice. Parents and members of the IEP squad meet to discourse and to seek and decide the ailments. Typically a hearing would be held within 15 yearss of reception of petition for hearing unless both parties: agree to travel to mediation or hold in composing to relinquish the hearing. In a Due Process Hearing, the Judge will do a determination based on testimony and facts submitted to the tribunal on a finding of whether the pupil received a ( FAPE ) free and appropriate public instruction and/or whether a procedural misdemeanor occurred. Either party has the right to appeal the justice ‘s determination to federal or province tribunal, or every bit far as the Supreme Court. The Due Process hearing can be financially dearly-won for all parties. The determination to bespeak a Due Process Hearing requires thoughtful consideration and should be contemplated merely after all other options have been exhausted. In the terminal a judgement is made and will necessitate one party to supply a service or pay a amount of money to the other party. Sometimes the losing party feels victimized by the Court and refuses to pay or go on with the judgement made by the tribunal. These actions typically lead to more struggle. An illustration of would be after the U. S. Supreme Court instance of Brown v. Board of Education, some Virginia school boards closed their schools. These school boards used monolithic opposition to avoid following with the determination. Harmonizing to Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) â€Å" Resistance besides slowed execution of the Brown determination in schools and led to many extra tribunal instances. For illustration, Prince Edward County, Virginia, closed all of its public schoolsaa‚ ¬ † for Whites every bit good as blacksaa‚ ¬ † instead than incorporate. The most influential instance I researched was TINKER v. DES MOINES SCHOOL DIST. , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) . This instance focused on pupil have oning armbands in protest of the Vietnam War. Petitioners, three public school students in Des Moines, Iowa, were suspended from school for have oning black armbands to protest the Government ‘s policy in Vietnam. They sought nominal amendss and an injunction against a ordinance that the respondents had promulgated censoring the erosion of armbands. However due to the insisting of pupils following in the political societal propaganda as their parents a choice of pupils fitting and decided to do a base by have oning armbands to school as a signifier of protest of the war. When word of this new sense of an anti-war message reached the school functionaries, â€Å" principals of the Des Moines schools on December 14, 1965, the school adopted a policy that any pupil have oning an armband to school would be asked to take it, and if he refused he would be suspended until he returned without the armband. The pupils were cognizant of the new school policy, yet ignored the warning. It upheld [ 393 U.S. 503, 505 ] the constitutionality of the school governments ‘ action on the land that it was sensible in order to forestall perturbation of school subject. 258 F. Supp. 971 ( 1966 ) . Harmonizing to TINKER v. DES MOINES SCHOOL DIST. , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) The District Court dismissed the ailment on the land that the ordinance was within the Board ‘s power, despite the absence of any determination of significant intervention with the behavior of school activities. The District Court recognized that the erosion of an armband for the intent of showing certain positions is the type of symbolic act within the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. The decision of the school governments was sensible because it was based upon their fright of a perturbation from the erosion of the armbands. Another interesting point made by TINKER v. DES MOINES SCHOOL DIST. , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) â€Å" Their divergence consisted merely in have oning on their arm a set of black fabric, non more than two inches broad. They wore it to exhibit their disapproval of the Vietnam belligerencies and their protagonism of a armistice, to do their positions known, and, by their illustration, to act upon others to follow them. They neither interrupted school activities nor sought to irrupt in the school personal businesss or the lives of others. They caused treatment outside of the schoolrooms, but no intervention with work and no upset. In the fortunes, our Fundamental law does non allow functionaries of the State to deny their signifier of look. † In the terminal, the instance was to be a â€Å" affair for the lower tribunals to find † The instance was reversed and remanded. TINKER v. DES MOINES SCHOOL DIST. , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) . What is interesting is that merely 7 pupils of 18,000 disobeyed the new policy sing the armbands. Five pupils being from the Tinker household ages 8-15. Another instance that demonstrates the usage of due procedure in instruction is, â€Å" West Virginia v. Barnette, supra, this Court held that under the First Amendment, the pupil in public school may non be compelled to toast the flag. Our job lies in the country where pupils in the exercising of First Amendment rights collide with the regulations of the school governments. † Another contention is the cost of the due procedure hearing. Parents and School Districts have to utilize the household nest eggs and or the school budget for lawyer fees, tribunal cost, and execution of either transit for pupils, new plans and or auxiliary AIDSs and learning resources for instructors. Parents worry about the preparation and experience of the instructors who are educating their kids. This is a important obstruction of trust and communicating that can be missing from both parties. Appraisal is critical in the early instruction of all pupils. The earlier any intercession can be performed the better a pupil will be to accomplish the satisfactory scene with equals. The stairss involved include doing certain the pupil is eligible for services, find what the pupil needs to be evaluated on, find what appraisal is best for the pupil, observe the pupil, evaluate and construe the findings, and so make a course of study that fits the pupils larning abilities best. Possible inquiries to remind an pedagogue during appraisal and observation is: Does the kid have a need/deficiency in the accomplishment or ability? Does the kid have a get downing degree of accomplishment or ability? Or does the kid have a mastery degree of accomplishment or ability?

Different Opinions About Elearning Education Essay

Peoples have different sentiments about vitamin E acquisition. Some people think that e-learning is advanced and it reduces the clip and distance barriers of instruction while the other group thinks that e-learning leads to feelings of isolation and defeats ( Handzic & A ; Ho-hur, 2005 ) . â€Å" E-learning can be defined as utilizing web engineerings to make, foster, deliver and facilitate acquisition, anytime and anyplace † ( Liaw, 2008 cited in Duan et.al. , 2010 ) . Due to globalization corporations have to cover with more complex and unsure state of affairss today. To last and win in this environment the administrations have to maintain up with the gait and have to be more advanced and efficient ( Handzic & A ; Ho-hur, 2005 ) . It is of import to maintain the employees up-to-date non merely in the engineering but besides with the deductions which use the engineering and output for more efficient and effectual working ( Newton & A ; Doonga, 2007 ) . Corporate e-learning can be done in the signifier of e-training. Newton ( 2007 ) & A ; Doonga ( 2007 ) define Entraining as ‘an environment in which preparation or direction in a scope of accomplishments or techniques can be developed utilizing computing machine engineering ‘ . The intent of this paper is to place the benefits & A ; restrictions of corporate e-learning to administrations. Corporate E-learning is the hereafter of the concern universe. Corporate want to salvage more and more costs by holding more corporate e-learning instead than directing their employees to different locations for acquiring the needed preparation.A Literature reappraisal & A ; Secondary Data:The literature reappraisal will discourse the assorted advantages and restrict ions of e-learning. The literature reviewed considers both qualitative and quantitative analysis in their research. The intent of the literature reappraisal is to happen spreads in the survey that has been conducted on e-learning. This includes benefits, restrictions and intent of e-learning. Following are the benefits of e-learning: 1. Technological alterations increase the speed of work environment: A â€Å" Technology has changed the manner people live, work, believe, and learn † ( Urdan & A ; Weggen 2000 ) . The work force of today has to be on their toes to acquire a contract, to accomplish marks and all the challenges that come their manner. They have to understand a batch of information in a short span of clip. The rate at which new merchandises and services are introduced in the market is excess ordinary. â€Å" As production rhythms and life spans of merchandises continue to shorten, information and preparation rapidly become disused † ( Urdan & A ; Weggen 2000 ) . The preparation directors have to present the services more expeditiously and rapidly. Training directors feel the urgency to present cognition and accomplishments more quickly and expeditiously whenever and wheresoever needed. In the age of just-in-time production, just-in-time preparation becomes a critical component to organisational success ( Urdan & A ; Weggen 2000 ) . 2. Cost Savingss: Strother mentioning Newton & A ; Doonga ( 2007 ) assesses the â€Å" effectivity of e-learning in corporate preparation plans and gives some really impressive illustrations of i ¬?nancial benei ¬?ts of corporate e-learning. She quotes that IBM ‘s reported economy of $ 200 million in 1999 through transition of their preparation bringing methods to e-learning, Ernst and Young ‘s decrease of preparation costs by 35 % gained by replacing 80 % of schoolroom direction by utilizing e-training and Rockwell Collins decrease of developing outgo of 40 % by change overing 25 % of their traditional direction to e-training † ( Newton & A ; Doonga, 2007 ) . Corporate e-learning besides saves on the traveling of the trainers which can be used as optimal usage of their skills.A 3. Accessibility & A ; Flexibility of bringing: Schriver & A ; Giles 1999 prove that one of the benefits of e-learning us the handiness and flexibleness of bringing. It is cheaper to present the undertakings through decreased chance costs and decreased clip off from work. It besides helps to make the wider constituencies, besides to the most distant areas.A A 4. Globalization of concern is ensuing in multiplex challenges: Progresss in information engineering and falling trade barriers facilitate concern around the Earth. As boundary lines become less meaningful, planetary competition intensifies. International enlargement has led to larger and more complex corporations. Today ‘s concerns have more locations in different clip zones and employ larger Numberss of workers with diverse cultural backgrounds and educational degrees than of all time. Therefore, more information has to be delivered in progressively larger organisations, disputing internal planning, logistics, and distribution. Corporations worldwide are now seeking more advanced and efficient ways to present developing to their geographically-dispersed work force ( Urdan & A ; Weggen 2000 ) .A 5. Trainees learn at their ain gait: The trainees can take their ain clip in understanding the construct and do n't hold to hotfoot. E-learning besides helps them to hold the preparation stuff in their pant whenever required. Besides it can be referred whenever needed ( Elliot & A ; Clayton, 2007 ) .A Community edifice and Interactivity ( Handzic & A ; Ho-Hur, 2005 ) : E-learning aid in community edifice and increases a batch of interactivity between the trainer and the trainee between different parts of the universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.google.com/a/kgsjain.com/File? id=dhcphsf9_1fzqchrkk_b Beginning: Urdan & A ; Weggen ( 2000 ) The above pie chart shows the instruction and developing market in the US in the twelvemonth 2000. A research was conducted in province of online acquisition in U.S. higher instruction. The survey was aimed at replying some of the cardinal inquiries about the nature and extent of on-line instruction based on responses from more than 2,500 colleges and universities. The below graph indicates the growing of pupils taking at least one on-line class. Exhibit 2: Addition in on-line registration signifier 2002 to 2006 Beginning: CIPD ( 2010 ) Pollss of 110 people were conducted and were asked different inquiries associating to e-learning. The undermentioned pie charts show that what people felt about the advancement of e-learning in UK. Exhibit 3 Exhibit 4 Exhibit 5 Exhibit 6 Exhibit 7 Beginning: Allen & A ; Seaman ( 2007 ) Exhibit 4,5,6 & A ; 7 represent the per centum of replies the replies provided by the users in respects the statements on the advancement of e-learning in UK organisations.. Restrictions of e-learning: â€Å" E-learning restrictions can be categorized as technological restrictions, personal issues and design restrictions † ( Wong, 2007 ) . Technological restrictions: Wong 2007 believes that for e-learning you need to hold a computing machine or a laptop to hold entree to e-learning. Rumble ( 2000 ) cited in Wong ( 2007 ) says that e-learning comes with benefits such as limitless entree 24 hours, 7 yearss a hebdomad, this privilege does non look to be executable for some people in rural countries due to the inability to entree Internet services. The Internet incursion rate in Malaysia is merely 31.8 % ( Phang, 2004 cited in Wong, 2007 ) . Good cyberspace velocities are the basic demand and these are merely available in few topographic points and non in all. Bose 2003 cited in Wong 2007 mentioned that, while it is executable to entree to high-speed bandwidth within the university campus, it becomes a job outside the campus, where Internet installations are less sophisticated.AHandzic & A ; Ho-hur ( 2007 ) say that a batch of research workers think that e-learning lead to feelings of isolation, defeat, anxiousness and confusion.A Personal issues ( Wong 2007 ) : Lack of personal technological accomplishments can be an issue in e-learning. The new people coming and fall ining e-learning might experience clueless as they do n't hold a instructor to steer them. A Elearners have to be techno understanding. Hamid ( 2002 ) cited in Wong ( 2007 ) stated that proficient accomplishments could do defeat to e-learning pupils due to the unconventional e-learning environment and isolation from others. Dringus ( 200 ) cited in Macpherson et Al. ( 2004 ) agrees Hamid stating that e-learners may be unable to prolong their impulse unless they have right accomplishments and they are self motivated. Design Restrictions: Poor design of the e-learning courseware is a major issue for scholars and e-learning suppliers Ivergard & A ; Hunt ( 2005 ) cited in Wong ( 2007 ) . The design should be easy to understand so that the scholar has the motive to larn. Courseware design should be tailored to the demands of the scholars: it should be easy to utilize and pupils should hold easy entree to guidance and information ( Howell, Williams & A ; Lindsay 2003 ; James-Gordon, Young & A ; Bal, 2003 cited in Wong 2007 ) . The undermentioned illustration explains how China adopted E-learning with the aid of 5 influential factors ( Duan et al. , 2010 ) . Figure I A the above figure explain the structural theoretical account cardinal theoretical accounts explicating factors of e-learning. A Another illustration of corporate e-learning is taken up by Japan. The Japan e-learning market reached 1350 billion hankerings in 2004, an addition of 41.3 % from 2003 ( Schnack, 2005 ) . Traditional acquisition: Traditional acquisition is sitting in the category physically and taking lessons. The traditional schoolroom puting adds value in footings of direction lucidity. Traditional acquisition is available about every portion of the universe where instruction is available. Students and the instructors are comfy with the schoolroom environment as they have been ever used to it. Teaching in this environment is more informal ( Chen & A ; Jones, 2007 ) . Traditional schoolroom learning gives an chance to the pupils to inquire self-generated inquiries in the category. The instructor can reply to the questions of the pupil ‘s right in the category. Traditional larning gives chance to pupils to interact with other pupils and have unrecorded treatments on subjects and have different sentiments on one construct. Interaction between pupils is an of import portion of single development. Teachers use state of affairss to explicate constructs to pupils which give them a pattern to believe on the t opographic point and come up with solutions in a speedy clip ( Lunce, 2006 ) . Surveies on e-learning have identified tonss of benefits like cost nest eggs, flexibleness and handiness of bringing and community edifice and interactivity ( Newton & A ; Doonga ) . Besides there is extended research on the restrictions of e-learning. The biggest difference between the two acquisition is the bringing methods so it is really of import to make a proper research in this affair to happen the differences. Important end of this survey was to be able to do meaningful comparings between two bringing methods ( Chen & A ; Jones, 2007 ) . Concept map: Untitleddrawing.jpgMind the spread:Surveies on e-learning have identified a batch of benefits and restrictions. There is non a batch of research done on the difference between traditional room larning andA e-learning. This research will give us an thought about what do people prefers? Though there are many benefits proven but it ‘s the people who will be utilizing e-learning in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life, so it is really of import to take their sentiment intoA consideration. In other words we will seek to happen the user friendly of e-learning in the sentiment of the people utilizing this. This research will besides give an thought to the people be aftering to take up e-learning in future. This research should be able to warrant the benefits and restrictions of e-learning in comparing to the traditional schoolroom acquisition. Research inquiry: What do people prefer, e-learning or traditional schoolroom acquisition and why?Research Design:Methods, Methodology & A ; Data Collection: Methods are the techniques that are used to roll up and analyze the information. Methodology determines whether the execution of peculiar methods is successful or non ( Veal. The method that can be used for this will be quantitative & A ; qualitative methods. The qualitative methods will assist garnering information in deepness and will be more subjective. The quantitative research will be more nonsubjective and will be analysed more statistically. Qualitative methods Samples / Focus groups: Peoples from different administrations who use e-learning, a sample will be from administration which does non utilize e-learning, a group of pupils who use acquisition and the last group who does non. Concentrate groups can be made and asked about the benefits of e-learning and traditional acquisition. This argument will give a good cognition about the ideas of people about both the constructs. The findings from the focal point groups will assist us to fix the questionnaire for the in depth interviews. Different questionnaires will be used for different groups. As the demographics of each group will be different the inquiries have to be prepared maintaining the intent of the research in head. Questions asked to the administrations utilizing e-learning will be largely based on the benefits, restrictions and the betterments to be made in e-learning, while on the other side the non user group will be educated first about e-learning and so asked whether they will be acute to travel to e-learning. The inquiries will be based on workplace e-learning. Same technique of two different questionnaire used for two groups will be used for the pupil groups but with different set of inquiries which will be more based on e-learning school instruction. In-depth interviews: The questionnaire made with the aid of the findings of the focal point groups will be explanatory. In-depth interviews will give an penetration of the thought of people sing these constructs. The in depth interviews inquiries will be connected to each other. Quantitative methods: Surveies: Surveies will be conducted in general to acquire statistics of the figure of people interested in e-learning or traditional acquisition. The questionnaire of the study will be a mix of unfastened ended and near complete inquiries. The inquiries in this study will be more general to acquire the Numberss merely, like how many people are interested in e-learning and how many in traditional schoolroom acquisition. Datas Analysis: Data Analysis will be divided into 3 different phases: Data Decrease: The irrelevant informations will be discarded and merely the information which is necessary and related to the research subject will be kept. Datas Display: The informations will be displayed with the aid of graphs and tabular arraies as ocular graphs can give a better apprehension of the informations. Decision: The findings and the of import material of the research will be entered in the signifier of a study. These decisions are stored so that they be used for future researches every bit good.Decision:As seen through the assorted diaries and beginnings related to e-learning, it is rather obvious that the narrative is instead double. There are surveies conducted to prove the worthiness of e-journal, whether people prefer to utilize this method, but as indicated earlier, there is n't much research on comparing the traditional schoolroom method of learning with the alleged hereafter of learning – e-learning. Where corporate are required to supply cognition through interdisciplinary countries of the organisation, e-learning tends to be a cost-saving method of cognition scattering. Though this might be true, there are a batch of people who prefer human interaction, instead the traditional method of larning. Based on this, I decided that future research can be conducted to happe n out what types of industries, entities or any such constitution, therefore an increased figure of studies throughout the workspace spectrum are highly of import to happen out the penchants of people in different parts of the Earth.

Aviation and Alcohol essays

Aviation and Alcohol essays Alcoholic beverages used by many to "unwind" or relax, act as a social "ice-breaker," a way to alter one's mood by decreasing inhibitions. Alcohol consumption is widely accepted, often providing the cornerstone of social gatherings and celebrations. Along with cigarettes, many adolescents associate the use of alcohol as a rite of passage into adulthood. While its use is prevalent and acceptable in our society, it should not come as a surprise that problems arise in the use of alcohol and the performance of safety-related activities, such as driving an automobile or flying an aircraft. These problems are made worse by the common belief that accidents happen to other people, but not to me."(Dick, 2001) There is a tendency to forget that flying an aircraft is a highly demanding knowledgeable and psychomotor task that takes place in an inhospitable environment where pilots are exposed to various sources of stress. Alcohol, used in the aviation industry by defiant individuals, negativel y affects themselves as well as those people associated with the aviation industry. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine, and transported by the blood throughout the body. Its toxic effects vary considerably from person to person, and are influenced by variables such as gender, body weight, rate of consumption (time), and total amount consumed. According to Stratton, Howe TABLE 1: Amount of alcohol in various alcoholic beverages. This rate of elimination of alcohol is relatively constant, regardless of the total amount of alcohol consumed. In other words, whether a person consumes a few or many drinks, the rate of alcohol elimination fro...

Compare and contrast 2 pieces of early american lit. (Plymouth Plantion and The General History of Virginia)

Compare and contrast 2 pieces of early american lit. (Plymouth Plantion and The General History of Virginia) Comparison of Early American LiteratureThe two selections Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford and The General History of Virginia by John Smith are some of the earlier pieces of American literature.Although they were both written in the same time period the style and attitudes vary greatly. William Bradford had a very direct form of writing; commonly known as "plain puritan" style, whereas, John Smith had a somewhat confusing, more elaborate, writing style. Bradford's piece also seemed more accurate than John Smith's account. For example, John Smith wrote of his capture by "...three hundred bowmen, conducted by the king of Pamunkee..." which seems more than a little exaggerated. After all, it generally doesn't take three hundred men to capture one. Smith exaggerated many times in order to boast about himself. There are many times when he refers to his greatness. In the following quote he boasts of his leadership skills and compassion for his fellow men while belittling his sup eriors: "The new President and Martin, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers, and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time her provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself..."Bailey Smith Weeks (LOC)William Bradford, on the other hand, boasts about his colony: "...there was but six or seven sound persons who to their great commendations, be it spoken, spared no pains night or day, but with abundance of toil and hard of their own health, fetched them wood, made them fires, dressed them meat, made their beds, washed their loathsome...

Astatine Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Astatine Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Number 85 Symbol At Atomic Weight 209.9871 Discovery D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie, E. Segre 1940 (United States) Electron Configuration [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5 Word Origin Greek astatos, unstable Isotopes Astatine-210 is the longest-lived isotope, with a half-life of 8.3 hours. Twenty isotopes are known. Properties Astatine has a melting point of 302Â °C, an estimated boiling point of 337Â °C, with probable valences of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Astatine possesses characteristics common to other halogens. It behaves most similarly to iodine, except that At exhibits more metallic properties. The interhalogen molecules AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known, although it has not been determined whether or not astatine forms diatomic At2. HAt and CH3At have been detected. Astatine probably is capable of accumulating in the human thyroid gland. Sources Astatine was first synthesized by Corson, MacKenzie, and Segre at the University of California in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. Astatine may be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to produce At-209, At-210, and At-211. These isotopes can be distilled from the target upon heating it in air. Small quantities of At-215, At-218, and At-219 occur naturally with uranium and thorium isotopes. Trace amounts of At-217 exist in equilibrium with U-233 and Np-239, resulting from the interaction between thorium and urainuam with neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the Earths crust is less than 1 ounce. Element Classification halogen Melting Point (K) 575 Boiling Point (K) 610 Covalent Radius (pm) (145) Ionic Radius 62 (7e) Pauling Negativity Number 2.2 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol) 916.3 Oxidation States 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Â   Return to the Periodic Table

Ikea case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ikea case study - Essay Example Competitive priorities are directly linked to the performance of any business. The IKEA Company is involved with manufacturing of household items across the world. As a manufacturing company, IKEA has divided its competitive priorities into the following elements; cost or price, quality, innovation, flexibility and delivery. Under cost, the IKEA Company is able to pick a price of any prospective product and calculate what the product would cost. The company involves all its experts in design, product developers and purchasers to make the price choice. IKEA also ensures that there is quality in all the manufactured products.2 This is ensured by maintaining the usual suppliers of raw materials, for instance, the Romania factory. The products are also produced with Keen Corporation with suppliers. Innovation has also seen the company develop better products for their consumers. IKEA’s products are designed and produced by the best personnel of the company. This has led to increased convenience in the use of their products in addition to more sales for the company. IKEA’s design and manufacturing process is also flexible. This means that they are able to accommodate any necessary changes to products in any phase of production up to the distribution level. The company was able to change the design of various tables to ease transport. Moreover, the design of the mug was changed three times to fit the packaging in order to ensure more sales. Finally, IKEA’s delivery system is efficient in all aspects of adding value to consumers. The company ensures that the correct numbers of goods are delivered to the right stores and at the required time.3 These priorities explain the success that IKEA Company has enjoyed for a long time. The nature and dynamism of today’s global market requires new products to ensure survival in business while maintaining the market share. IKEA understands this thus there is always an

Building Starbucks as a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Building Starbucks as a company - Essay Example A growing mail-order business helped Starbucks decide where to expand after its successful IPO. Fast paced growth led Schultz to realize [197-198]2 that for the company to maintain its competitive edge without taking a toll on the company’s values, he had to reinvent himself and go back to his entrepreneurial roots. Schultz appointed someone else to take care of day-to-day operations so he could be the leader and pathfinder looking into the future, whose job was to help Starbucks keep its marketing edge by providing a stimulating and challenging environment for dreamers, entrepreneurs, professional managers, and leaders [190-204]. The success of the Frappuccino, a cold coffee drink ideal for hot weather, was the result of Schultz’s reinvention. A cold drink was not part of the Starbucks vision, but customers loved it, so Schultz allowed it. It was a hit! Starbucks entered the music business as customers loved the music playing in the stores. Music sales lifted over-all store sales as customers were delighted to find a good product they liked and because good music added to the Starbucks experience and sense of esthetics [205-214]. Related to this, Starbucks will release on November 22, 2005 the Rolling Stones CD Rarities: 1971 - 2003, a collection of remixes, exotic B-sides and hard-to-find live recordings, another way for customers â€Å"to discover, experience and acquire great music through CD compilations and music programming† (Lombard).

Urban futures (tutorial short answers) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urban futures (tutorial short answers) - Essay Example All such functions are important and take place side by side simultaneously in the same public space in a fine balance. According to Edensor (2011), public space is considered important due to the provision of social centers and necessary activities that occur in such space. A lot of joyful human activities are found in public space, and also offer more room and opportunities for people (Edensor, 2011). Lubin (2012) asserts that public space is formed through opening government buildings and property to the public such as public gardens and public libraries. The reformation and contestation of the public space is something of a hallmark for critical theory regarding geography, cultural studies, philosophy, visual art, urban design, and social studies. Public space has for sometime been miscomprehended to mean places like gathering halls which is technically the essence of the broader social space concept (Lubin, 2012). Edensor (2011) says that through the spatial organization and landscape of public space, the social construction of the public space is viewed to be ruled privately through the explicit and implicit expectations and rules of the public space that are enforced. According to the articles, everyone has a right to use and/ or access public space, in contrary to private space that has particular restrictions. There has been however some presence of academic interest in th e formation and management of public space in the cities. According to Lubin (2012), management measures have been taken to control usage of the public space. The benches have been designed to restrict people from resting and sleeping on them. In some situations, police forces are involved in restraining those who misuse the public space. This is a similar practice in most cities in taking care of the public space (Lubin, 2012). Both Edensor (2011) and Lubin (2012) say that the functions of public space is contested and reformed through the privately owned

Artists Think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artists Think - Essay Example A question here arises as to why can’t the artists speak rather than sketching their feelings into a picture. An answer to this question is that some feelings cannot be expressed in words but rather can be expressed by sketching. These feelings can only be understood better by looking at the picture. Artists have a unique way of drawing these pictures to tell how they feel about these issues. They work on their drawing so that the audience can feel the theme of the drawing. Artists feel that a sketch can appeal more to an audience rather than simple words. It can be said that truly artists are able to express their feelings and emotions through a drawing. The pictures speak more than the words according to the artists as these pictures can present a whole picture of the event. The artists work on their drawings to give the audience a better picture of the whole event. It can be clearly said that these artists are able to express better in pictures than in speaking.

Economic Indicator Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Indicator Paper - Essay Example For instance, the prevailing value of the American Real GDP, when calculated in relation to the year 2000 is approximately 12,000 billion dollars. GDP is a leading economic indicator and it usually rises before an upturn in real GDP and falls before a downturn in real GDP. Real GDP is also quite handy when it comes to predicting changes in the housing industry in the immediate future. Alongside such indicators as stock prices, average weekly hours worked in industries and housing starts, the trends set by real GDP can have a bearing on the overall health of the housing industry. Housing starts are defined as the number of residential units on which construction is started every month. Housing starts are a key economic indicator that determines the health and future direction of the Housing industry. Usually though, an increase in housing starts indicates an increase in economic growth. The following chart published by the U.S.Bureau of the Census gives a historical perspective of housing starts. According to a credible industry expert, â€Å"housing starts fell to six percent in August of 2007 to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.665 million, while permits fell 2.3 percent from July and for the seventh consecutive month to a 1.722 million level. The August 2006 permit level was the lowest in 4 years. The month-over-month August starts decline occurred in both the single-family (-5.9%) and multifamily (-6.7%) sectors and in three out of the 4 Census regions, the exception being the Northeast†. These statistics mean that the housing industry is slated for a slowdown in the near future. Furthermore, with fears of an impending recession of the general economy, housing industry is also set to suffer to the extent. Mortgage is a loan given to an individual or a corporation on the basis of the value of a house, building or any other

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Obesity - Essay Example Consequently, the academic course has contributed in writing development, knowledge in course components such as; summary, critique synthesis, research proposal, sentence outline, final paper, commenting process; as well as impacting on performance, constraints, writing skills, future career, change in writing process and situational application. Foremost, the academic course has provided me with a new found level of knowledge and professionalism in writing from the course components covered. In particular, course components such as the summary, critique and synthesis provided immense knowledge on my formative writing skills. The knowledge gained on summary writing was very helpful in finding resourceful articles for reference in my essay topic on obesity. It offered the insight in judging the credibility and relevant articles, books and websites pertinent to my research topic. Furthermore, the component on critique was helpful in accessing counter articles that were useful in develo ping argumentative essays. The critique component provided insightful knowledge on how to properly cite counter arguments on the essay topics from literary works of other authors. I was able to employ the critique component on the obesity argumentative essay when presenting anti opponent views against obesity control proposals. In addition, the synthesis component was insightful in developing a general flow and connection to the paper. The synthesis component equips a student with the ability of combining the different ideas into one comprehensive essay. Consequently, I was able to synthesize both the proposal and counter proposal arguments in developing the paragraphs of the obesity argumentative essay. The knowledge gained from the course lectures and notes on research proposal was equally pertinent. It enabled me to develop a comprehensive research topic based on obesity. In recognition of the global epidemic and particularly the immense effect on the American society, obesity pr oved to be an intellectually stimulating research proposal for the argumentative essay. Furthermore, the knowledge gained in research proposal enabled me to formulate a raft of proposal options to curb obesity such as increase in taxes and health premiums in the thesis statement. In addition, the component on sentence outline provided sufficient skills on sentence structure. The basic tenets of sentence outline taught in class, dictated on my ability to cite evidence from various obesity articles, explain the reference cited, respond or offer a personal opinion on the proposal, and consequently connect to the thesis statement. Moreover, the final paper component was influential in determining the layout, format, paper outline, citation and reference criteria of an argumentative essay. The knowledge on final paper outlook such as the MLA format was aptly integrated in the obesity research paper complete with proper in text citation technique such as the author and page number. Lastly , the commenting process component in the course outline provided in depth intellectual skills in offering a personal, objective, standpoint in the argumentative essay. Consequently, in the obesity argumentative essay I was able to use it in justifying my objective belief of increasing the cost of living and premiums for obese people. The final paper grades achieved have provided me with much contentment since I was

Economic Indicator Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Indicator Paper - Essay Example For instance, the prevailing value of the American Real GDP, when calculated in relation to the year 2000 is approximately 12,000 billion dollars. GDP is a leading economic indicator and it usually rises before an upturn in real GDP and falls before a downturn in real GDP. Real GDP is also quite handy when it comes to predicting changes in the housing industry in the immediate future. Alongside such indicators as stock prices, average weekly hours worked in industries and housing starts, the trends set by real GDP can have a bearing on the overall health of the housing industry. Housing starts are defined as the number of residential units on which construction is started every month. Housing starts are a key economic indicator that determines the health and future direction of the Housing industry. Usually though, an increase in housing starts indicates an increase in economic growth. The following chart published by the U.S.Bureau of the Census gives a historical perspective of housing starts. According to a credible industry expert, â€Å"housing starts fell to six percent in August of 2007 to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.665 million, while permits fell 2.3 percent from July and for the seventh consecutive month to a 1.722 million level. The August 2006 permit level was the lowest in 4 years. The month-over-month August starts decline occurred in both the single-family (-5.9%) and multifamily (-6.7%) sectors and in three out of the 4 Census regions, the exception being the Northeast†. These statistics mean that the housing industry is slated for a slowdown in the near future. Furthermore, with fears of an impending recession of the general economy, housing industry is also set to suffer to the extent. Mortgage is a loan given to an individual or a corporation on the basis of the value of a house, building or any other

The Judgment of leaders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Judgment of leaders - Assignment Example Both the internal and external societal contexts also plays a major role where organizations notably the corporate world and civil leadership are increasingly fragmented, and acknowledging equivocal and this has resulted into modification and change in various conventional concepts in regard to followership and leadership. The key specific conventional factors include the rise of organizational crisis, ethical issues, social issues, motivation effects and corporate scandals. These factors have created uneasiness, leadership desired and inadequacies and emphasis on the search of meaning. Therefore the practical challenges underlying leadership as a business and social practice has elicited various perspective of judgment from the followers. These conventional perspectives are notably centered on the followers thus taking person-centered thus the underlying judgment rely on stereotyping and heroic leadership. Thus the judgmental influence of the followers is unidirectional flowing from the leaders to their followers representing specific perspective which reconstructs the hierarchical subject-object relations. The leader follower relationship represents widely the interactions and mechanisms between the independent individuals. Followership and its judgmental on the leadership are important because the latter cannot exist without the other. Therefore it is important to determine the leader-centric focus and how the followers judge and understanding interdependence of leadership and its active fellowship. The bottom line on how followers judge leaders is how leadership is shared and the leader’s judgment on his or her followers. Leader-Follower centrality Relational qualities uniting leadership-followership notably have significant influence on Followership judgment on their leaders. This begins with the leadership perception to his or her relative followers and to himself. This forms the foundation in which the followers judge the leaders because the self other perception influences greatly the followers perception. Notably in regard to this are the follower’s judgments that favor leaders’ power and authority over them. This is common where the followers exhibit dominant motif and in this case the followers look compliant and can be easily manipulated even at the extreme ends (Oddenino, 2003). In organizations and corporate world subordinates within dominance motif feel abused but they cannot do anything. The managers and CEOs say that leadership is when pain inflicted is demonstrated for effectiveness to be achieved. The subordinates within dominance motif judge their supervisors and managers with the assumption of mutual dependency idea in their organizations as well as the value of maintaining personal dignity (Weibler, 2011). The subordinates are cowed in their judgments therefore leaders are likely to get deprived of accurate and honesty information. This fuels self-absorption and self-deception resulting in the fa ll of arbitrary power. GROUPTHINK According to Ladkin (2010) in his study on organizational leadership provides that Groupthink is adopted by most followers in judging their leaders. This is where there agreement and consensus is far much important than the solution, in this case followers adopt possible alternative courses of action in their judgments (Ladkin, 2010). This is common in organizations and

Developmental Delays and Trauma Essay Example for Free

Developmental Delays and Trauma Essay Developmental delays is when your child does not reach their developmental milestones at the projected times. It is an ongoing major or minor delay in the course of development. Developmental delays can have many different causes. There are many types of Developmental delays in children; they include problems with language or speech, vision, movement (motor skills), social, emotional and cognitive skills (van der Kolk, 1995). Developmental delays are easily distinguished if you pay close attention to the development and milestone periods contained by children; for example if you notice a child having a low attention span, they can’t stay still, they’re highly active and energetic all the time, that’s perhaps due to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, known as ADHD. There are so many different things that can cause developmental delays and children aren’t always born with developmental delays. Although, developmental delays can be genetic or born with, there are times when trauma at different ages can cause developmental delays such as a child being abused and suffering brain trauma, concussion, which could cause memory lost. Or there could be an accident and a child or adult undergo serious injuries to the spine, eyes, etc. Spinal injuries can be of damage to you motor skills. Spinal injuries or brain injuries if serious can lead to you basically having to start over as if you were a baby learning to walk, read, jump, or talk. The Shaken baby syndrome also can be a trauma that can cause brain injuries. There are numerous of things that have major components to play in developmental delays. Trauma definitely plays a one of those major parts in developmental delays. There are a number of Trauma’s that can cause development delays. It doesn’t always have to be abuse or accidents. Trauma can be caused by divorce, neglect, bullying, sports injuries, or even bad relationship breaks up. These types of trauma are called psychological trauma. Psychological  traumas effects are mostly emotional and it isn’t always permanent. Psychological trauma causes anger, irritability; mood swings, guilt, hopeless, anxiety, withdrawing, and disconnected to name a few. For divorce, Feldman says (2011) ch ildren and adults may experience depression, and disturbances and phobias and these things last from 6 months up until 2 years. Feldman states children whose parents are divorcing blames themselves for the breakup. He also states, evidence shows that twice as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling (Feldman, 2011). Children under the age 18 suffer 40% more anxiety as a result of divorce (van der Kolk, 1995). About 10-15 percent of students are bullied one time or the other (Feldman, 2011) and almost 85% of girls and 80% of boys are being bullied (Feldman, 2011). Those who are bullied lack social skills, cry easy (Feldman, 2011), and they experience depression, stress, anger, etc. Prayer and meditation help brain activity. Mediation to the mind is like an aerobic exercise to the body. Studies have also shown that meditation promotes mindfulness, decreased stress, insomnia, illnesses, depression, anxiety and panic. Spiritual connection brings comfort and healing to trauma. Researchers are learning the parts of the brain that are responsible for the spiritual thoughts, prayer and meditation. In one of our presentations his week, Dr. Jeanne Brooks stated that we have a spir itual part in our brain (2014). There are good and bad parts to everyone, I believe the good part is the spiritual part in everyone. For example, we’ve all seen cartoons in which there was a devil on one shoulder and an angel on the other. The shoulder with the angel is the part of us, the part of our brain or conscious that’s spiritual. References Brooks, Jeanne Dr. â€Å"Divorce and Stress† video presentation. LUO (2014) Feldman, R.S. (2014). Development across the Life Span (7th edition) Namka,, L. (2001). Children who are traumatized by bullying. alk, Trust and Feel Therapeutics., p. 18. Van Der Kolk, an der Kolk, B. (1995). developmental trauma disorder : Towards a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories.

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview Landfilling is one of the oldest and common methods used for waste disposal. It is perceived as the most economical and environmentally acceptable technique. It is a complex system with physical, chemical, and biological processes. While undergoing the process of wastes degradation, there is the production of highly contaminating liquid, leachate, and polluting gases. If discharged in an uncontrolled and non-engineered manner, leachate will contaminate groundwater bodies and subsequently jeopardizing the ecosystem. There is a network for the collection the contaminants. The gases such as methane and carbon dioxide are flared before they can affect the atmosphere. The leachate generated, requires treatment before discharge and it is the main problem. In Mauritius, there has been an upsurge in the amount of wastes generated due to rapid industrialization. A structure for solid waste management was necessitated which resulted in the construction of Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site. Over the years, there has been an increase the volume of wastes being disposed and consequently, a rise in the amount of leachate generated. As previously mentioned, the polluting liquid requires treatment prior to disposal. Nowadays, we do have laws that are regulated by the Wastewater Management Authority Act and the organization operates under the aegis of the Ministry of Public Utilities. After treatment leachate shall comply with the standard limits for effluent discharge as shown in Appendix C. Many studies have been carried out for the treatment of leachate and various methods are available. There are several parameters that define the treatment method. The treating technique shall be efficient, cost-effective with minimum input, flexible and if possible usage of the effluent. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is the study of the nitrification process in the treatment of landfill leachate. The project had the following objectives set: To determine the suitability and efficiency of a SBR and co treatment method for the treatment of landfill leachate. To find the concentration at which ammonia nitrogen is toxic to microorganisms. To design a suitable tank for the method being adopted. To assess the cost-effectiveness of the treating system Structure of Thesis The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 2: gives a brief overview of landfilling process, describing the various components of a landfill. There is a description of the Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site and a summary of typical leachate effluent. Chapter 3: deals with the treating options available for wastewater treatment particularly leachate. The efficiency for ammonia nitrogen removal is outlined and a reviewing some case studies on biological treatment of landfill leachate. Chapter 4: describes the methodology adopted for leachate treatment. Chapter 5: gives a detailed analysis of the results obtained and assessment of various parameters. Chapter 6: consists of the design a treating system for leachate. Chapter 7: describes the cost effectiveness of the treatment methods and some recommendations for improvement of the designs. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW of LITERATURE 2.1. Landfill A landfill may be defined as a physical facility used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth (Tchobanoglous et al.). Nowadays, the term sanitary landfill is more usually utilized to describe an engineered facility, designed, operated and monitored with the foremost objective of reducing environmental and health hazards. According to Tchobanoglous, a landfill may be categorized with respect to the incoming waste materials. There are various criteria that are considered before the design and construction phases. The site cannot be close to water bodies, highways, any residential areas or even airports. The main reason is the pollution accompanied by the operation of such a site which will eventually disturb its surrounding environment. Another factor is the hydrogeology of the site, groundwater maps are prepared by studying the different soil stratum. This helps in determining the permeability of the soil, the depth to groundwater, the direction of groundwater flow and hydraulic gradients. If clay is to be used as a liner, then borrow sources are found. Landfill Components Liner: It is a barrier that will prevent the leachate and other liquids from penetrating the soil. It can be made of clay, synthetic materials or both which is known as composite liner. This barrier also restricts the underground migration of landfill gases. Cap system: Usually a soil cover placed over the landfill at completion of filling, also known as final cover, with vegetation grown over it. The cover may consist of geosynthetic materials also, thus hindering the escape of landfill gases to the air and restricting the infiltration of rain into the landfill (Bagchi, 1994). Gas management system: As shown in the diagram above, these are a series of gas wells that removes methane and other decomposition gases from the landfill for flaring and reuse. The methane gas may be used in the electricity production. Leachate management system: A number of horizontal and vertical pipes placed just above the liner that drains and collects leachate. Afterwards the polluting liquid may be brought to a retention pond. Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site Over the last few years, a rapid development at socio-economic levels has brought an upsurge in the amount of wastes generated in Mauritius. There was a need for an integrated solid waste management programme. The Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill is the only waste disposal site for Mauritius till date. The site is located in the southern part of the island near a small village called Cluny. It receives mostly municipal solid wastes and therefore categorized as a Class à Ã‚ ¨ type. The site was previously operated by STAM Ltà ©e, from 1997 to 2006, and presently by Sotravic Limità ©e/ Bilfinger-Berger consortium. The amount of wastes disposed at the landfill has nearly tripled over the years, reaching to a daily value of about 1,200 tonnes. The percentage of incoming wastes is summarized below: The field capacity of the landfill was already attained and currently there is an extension of works on existing cells. The site is comprised of six cells and actually the fifth one is in use. Prior to disposal at the landfill, the wastes are compacted at transfer stations. The wastes are dumped from a tipping point and soon, they are spread over existing wastes by means of specialized vehicles. At the end of the day, a cover is placed to reduce the amount of windblown debris. Both clayey and geosynthetic liners were used on the site. The amount of leachate being carted away for the period of January 2007 December 2007 is 110 858 m3. Actually, no leachate treatment is being carried out. Among the landfill gases produced methane is the most dangerous and it is dealt with in a controlled environment. The gas is being collected by means of pipelines and subsequently flared. Leachate The definition according to EPA is as follows; â€Å"Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.† Leachate can be described as a highly contaminated liquid, containing a considerable amount of dissolved and suspended solids that has percolated down through wastes. The leachate quality varies throughout the operational life of a landfill and long after its closure. There are three broad and overlapping phases of waste decomposition, in which chemical and biological processes give rise to both landfill gas and leachate during and beyond the active life of the site (Carville et al.). Phase 1: Oxygen present in the wastes is rapidly consumed by aerobic decomposition. This phase has duration of less than one month and is normally relatively unimportant in terms of leachate quality. This phase is exothermic and high temperatures may be produced. If some of this heat is retained, then as a result of that the rate of the upcoming phases is increased. Phase 2: Anaerobic digestion is comprised of the following four phases; Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where large polymers are converted to simple monomers. Acidogenesis: A biological reaction where the monomers are converted to volatile fatty acids. Acetogenesis: A biological reaction where the fatty acids are converted into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid. Methanogenesis: The acetic acid is converted into acetates. Hydrogen is used up to convert the acetates into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic and facultative microorganisms hydrolyze cellulose and other putrescible materials such as complex carbohydrates, fats and proteins to soluble organic compounds. These hydrolysis products are then fermented during acidogenesis to various intermediates such as volatile fatty acids and alcohols. Finally, these intermediates are converted during acetogenesis to acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The high content of putrescible material in the waste may sustain acidogenic conditions for quite some time and provide a rich feed stock for methanogens subsequently. Leachate from this acidic phase typically contains a high concentration of free fatty acids. It therefore has low pH of 5 or 6, and will dissolve other components of the wastes, such as the alkaline earths and heavy metals, which can be mobilized in the leachate, possibly as fatty acid complexes. The leachate also contains high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen and has both a high organic carbon concentration and a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Phase 3: Conditions become more anaerobic as waste degradation proceeds and methanogenic bacteria gradually become established. These start to consume the simple organic compounds, producing a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane that is released as landfill gas. The carbon dioxide tends to dissolve producing the very high bicarbonate concentrations typical of Phase 3 leachates. The rate at which this phase becomes established is controlled by a number of factors, including the content of readily putrescible waste. Since the majority of the organic compounds are high molecular weight humic and fulvic acids, the leachates are characterized by relatively low BOD values. Ammoniacal nitrogen continues to be released by areas of the waste where phase 2 is continuing and generally remains at high concentrations in the leachate. Falling redox potential immobilizes many metals as sulphides in the waste. (Source: www.wikipedia.com/leachate) Typical leachate effluent Leachate is usually termed as a high strength wastewater. The polluting liquid has a high concentration of contaminants and varies throughout the landfill age as shown in the table below. From the above table, it noticed that leachates are normally alkaline having a pH of 6.0-8.4. The average COD value is found to be 5000 mg/l and the ammoniacal nitrogen remains within a similar range 900-3000 mg/L for all most of the sites. As it has been portrayed, the leachate does not meet the requirements for discharge either in sewers or surface water (see Appendix C) and this clearly indicates a need for treatment. CHAPTER 3 Treatment Options Overview Most landfills operate their own onsite leachate pretreatment and treatment facilities. Three types of treatment are possible physical, chemical and biological. Usually they are used in conjunction with one another. The constituents of leachate and availability of resources determine the treatment method to be adopted. Therefore, it should be efficient, flexible and an economical option. The leachate quality is highly dependent on the waste materials being disposed and the stage of their anaerobic decomposition. Hence, there is a variation in the constituents concentration. It has been observed that throughout the life cycle of a landfill, the ammonia nitrogen concentration remains very high. Amongst several usual parameters, ammonia nitrogen is a key one as it influences the selection and the design of the treating system. Physical Treatment Ammonia Stripping Ammonia can be removed by the air stripping technique which consists of blowing air through the wastewater. The method is based on the following equation; The above equation is highly dependent on the pH so that an exchange of ionic forms can take place. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 10-9.25 at 18 ° C (Sorensen, 1993). pH = 9.25 + log [NH3] / [NH4+] From the above equation a pH greater than 10 is needed for releasing the ammonia gas. At normal temperature only 2% of the gas is liberated and therefore the wastewater should be heated to increase the efficiency of the treatment process. In achieving relatively low effluent values of ammoniacal-N (e.g. Reverse Osmosis The process consists of applying a pressure to the wastewater, i.e. the leachate, which passes through a semi permeable membrane. The water molecules present in the wastewater will pass the membrane forming the permeate and the contaminants remaining are the concentrate. The main advantage of using such a system is the removal of non-biodegradable compounds such as residual COD, heavy metals and chloride ions together with other large molecules present in leachate. The concentrate produced is a major issue as it is highly toxic to the environment. It is usually recirculated in the landfill or disposed off-site for storage. The removal rate of the contaminants is usually greater than 99.6 %. The plant is usually operated in more than one stage and occupies less space when compared to other treating systems. The process is currently in use in several countries such as France, Germany and Holland (IPCC, 2007). Activated Carbon Adsorption Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds. It is used in one of the following forms, powdered and granular. Due to the high cost of activated carbon, it is normally utilized for polishing after biological treatment. With an optimum dose and sufficient contact time, a considerable decrease in COD and BOD concentration can be achieved by this method. In the powdered form, the carbon is meant for single use and it loses its adsorption capacity and therefore cannot be reactivated. The mixed liquor must then be treated to remove the PAC, by subsequent processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, or filtration. In the granular form, the carbon can be used again but must be removed which requires specialized equipment (IPCC, 2007). Biological Treatment Processes The treatment process is comprised of growing and reproducing microorganisms in a controlled environment to stabilize organic matter. There are two forms of growth process attached and suspended. In suspended growth treatment systems, microorganisms are maintained in suspension within the wastewater whereas in the attached growth process, the biomass grows and is retained on a medium. Attached Growth Processes Percolating filters Rotating biological Contactors (RBC) Suspended Growth Processes Aerated lagoons Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Combined treatment with domestic wastewater (co treatment) Percolating Filters It is an aerobic biological treatment system. Wastewater flows over a fixed and inert medium to which biofilms are attached and trickles down under gravity. The medium may be made up of different materials such as plastics and gravels and the depth of the filter is normally 2-4 m. The effluent is passed through a clarifier to remove biological solids. The percolating filter has many disadvantages concerning the treatment of landfill leachate. The system is efficient mostly for the treatment of low strength leachate. A recurrent problem is the clogging of the filter media and vulnerability to shock-term load (IPCC, 2007). Rotating Biological Contactors The process consists of large diameter steel or corrugated plastic media centered around a horizontal shaft, usually placed in a concrete tank. The media is slowly rotated (mechanical or air drive). At any given time during the rotation, about 40% of the media surface area is in the wastewater. Organisms in the wastewater are attached and, multiply on the rotating media until they form a thin layer of biomass. RBC is most effective for treating methanogenic than acetogenic leachates and for concentrations of ammoniacal-N below 500mg/l. The rotating biological contactor may have operational problems, since high concentrations of degradable COD can result in excessive sludge growth, and clogging of interstices within rotors (IPCC, 2007). Aerated Lagoons Aerated lagoons are operated by a combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes. The lower part of the lagoon converts the settled solids and sludge into carbon and methane by the action of anaerobic decomposition. The upper part is usually aerated, surface aeration or by algae present, to oxidize compounds from the anaerobic zone. Effluent is withdrawn from the upper zone, generally over an overflow arrangement. For discharge into surface waters, a secondary settlement lagoon or reed bed filtration system is needed for wastewater polishing. The constraints of the system are as such it requires large space and is quite sensitive to temperature changes. There is the possibility of odurs emanating from the lagoon. The main concern is the inability to provide consistent and reliable design in order to meet the discharge limits. Activated Sludge Process It is the most widely used aerobic biological process for treatment of domestic wastewater. It operates on the basis of a continuous inflow of wastewater. The latter is completely mixed and aerated for certain period of time, giving rise to mixed liquor. For nitrification to occur the sludge age must be greater than 8 days, so that the nitrifying bacteria can grow sufficiently large in numbers to exert an oxygen demand. The mixed liquor is allowed to settle in the clarifier and the biomass is returned to the aeration tank. The clarified effluent is decanted for disposal or tertiary treatment. The ASP is a continuous process and leachate cannot be treated directly, it requires dilution due to ammonia toxicity. Sequencing Batch Reactor The reactor is a slight modification of the ASP. It operates on a fill-and-draw basis using the suspended growth process. The SBR utilizes a single tank which accommodates aerobic biological treatment, flow equalization, settlement of solids, effluent clarification and decanting. Thus, it is usually described as operating in time rather than space when compared to conventional ASP. The reactor consists and operates under the following cycles: Fill: During the fill operation, volume and substrate (raw wastewater or primary effluent) are added to the reactor. The fill process typically allows the liquid level in the reactor to rise from 75% of capacity (at the end of idle period) to 100%. During fill, the reactor may be mixed only or mixed and aerated to promote biological reactions with the effluent wastewater. React: During the react period, the biomass consumes the substrate under controlled environmental conditions. Settle: Solids are allowed to separate from the liquid under quiescent conditions, resulting in a clarified supernatant that can be discharged as effluent. Decant: Clarified effluent is removed during the decant period. Many types of decanting mechanisms can be used, with the most popular being floating or adjustable weirs. Idle: An idle period is used in a multitank system to provide time for one reactor to complete its fill phase before switching to another unit. Because idle phase is not a necessary phase, it is sometimes omitted. Advantages of the system It requires small space as a common tank is used for the various unit processes. Flexibility in operating the reactor. The reaction time can be controlled and settling can be achieved under quiescent conditions. There the elimination of the return sludge pumping when compared to the ASP. Disadvantages of the system A higher level of sophistication is required (compared to conventional systems), especially for larger systems, of timing units and controls. Potential of discharging floating or settled sludge during the draw or decant phase with some SBR configurations. Combined Treatment with Domestic Wastewater It is a combined method for treating domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. Both wastewater and leachate can be treated at suitable mixing ratios (Aktas, 2001). Domestic wastewater can provide phosphate while leachate can provide nitrogen based nutrients, thus compensating for nutrients deficiency. Hence, nutrients need not to be supplied. Leachates from older landfills have a lower BOD/COD value and a smaller biodegradable organic fraction. There may not be sufficient COD to support denitrification of nitrate, a supplementary source of organic carbon is required to ensure adequate denitrification. Synthetic chemicals, such as methanol or acetic acid, are effective but quite expensive. It is necessary to find an alternative cost effective source of easily biodegradable carbon (Zhang, 2005). The mixing ratios are determined or else there will be nitrification inhibition by the presence of excess free ammonia. Case studies for biological treatment of landfill leachate The Buckden Landfill Site has been operational since 1994 and has been successful in treating landfill leachate for more than 10 years. The landfill site uses twin sequencing batch reactors, each designed for treating up to 100 m3/day. The effluent is then treated by means of reed bed and an ozonation plant for wastewater polishing and removal of pesticides. The plant has a design loading rate of 0.02 0.040 kg N/kg MLVSS. The plant has been successful in removing ammonia nitrogen from 331 mg/L to 0.27 mg/L. Only the COD value has not met the discharge limits ( The main running costs are due to electricity for aeration and for ozonation. There is also the use of sodium hydroxide for automatic pH control, and of phosphoric acid for provision of phosphorus as a nutrient, which are relatively small costs. Another case is a South-African landfill which receives up to 2000 tonnes of MSW each day. Up to 80 m3/day of leachate are generated, which have to be treated to very high standards. The treatment system is made up of a SBR with final polishing through a reed bed planted with Phragmites. The SBR is highly efficient for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from over 1200 mg/l to less than 1.0 mg/l. COD values are reduced by 60% from raw leachate values of over 2000 mg/l (Robinson et al., 2005). CHAPTER 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.1. Overview This chapter deals with the methodology adopted and is comprised of the following phases: Sampling Sample preservation Wastewater characterization Leachate Wastewater from SMTP Sludge Biological treatment of landfill leachate using a SBR Co-treatment of landfill leachate with wastewater from SMTP Testing Results and analysis Conclusions Sampling Sampling is done to represent a certain population, in this case wastewater, on which tests are performed and the results symbolize the wastewater characteristics. This can be achieved by two methods: composite sampling and grab sampling. A composite sample consists of collecting samples at regular interval in time. This will be representative of the average wastewater characteristics. A grab sample is based upon obtaining a distinct sample regardless to its flow or time of the day. If the wastewater quality is not highly variable, the results obtained from grab sampling will tend to corroborate composite ones. Both methods are used and for this project the grab sampling technique was adopted. Sample Preservation Soon after the samples were collected, they were tested and if not possible, they were preserved. The latter is crucial step as most of the wastewater constituents have to be kept as are in their original state. They were incubated at 4 ° C and when necessary pH control was done by adding sulphuric acid. Subsequently, this will stop all the biological activities. Wastewater Characterization The next step after sampling is characterization, i.e. determining the level of constituents present in the wastewater. As a fact of that, the treatment method is selected and applied to the polluting material. Each time, when new samples were obtained, they were characterized in compliance with Standard Methods of Testing. For the project, characterization has to be done for these materials; Leachate The leachates were delivered at the UOM Public Health Laboratory, on the 23rd October 2007 and 9th January 2008, and were characterized for the main polluting parameters. Then the sample was preserved till the treatment starts. Domestic Wastewater The domestic wastewater was collected at SMTP. The sample was collected from the primary clarifier after degriting has been done on the following dates: 26th February and 3rd March 27, 2008. The samples were immediately characterized and then used. Sludge For nitrification to take place there should be microorganisms feeding on the organic matter, but leachate does not contain any. Therefore, the returned sludge from SMTP was collected and brought to the UOM Public Health Laboratory. The sludge was allowed to settle and the supernatant was discarded, the residual left was used for testing. As a result of that the sludge concentration was increased and smaller amount is required for biological treatment. A TSS was carried out and the value obtained was used for calculations. The sludge was also studied under the microscope determining the microorganisms present and their conditions. Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate using a SBR The first option for treating leachate was the biological treatment by making use of a SBR. It was made up of the following phases: fill, react, settle and decant. The reactor consisted of sludge, water and leachate with varying composition. Their volumes were calculated such that the ammonia nitrogen concentration is about 50 mg/L in the reactor. The latter was aerated for a period of 24 hours. The main polluting parameters were monitored and accentuating upon the level of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The system was run for a number of cycles and then denitrification phase was operated. Experimental Procedure A reactor of capacity 20 L was considered with an MLSS concentration of 4000 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen concentration had to be greater than 2 mg/l and this was achieved by the means of air diffusers. The diffusers provided the mixing within the reactor. Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline. After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed. The critical parameter i.e. ammonia nitrogen was observed and if, the value is not within the discharge limits then it aerated till the expected result is obtained. The biomass required nutrients which provided in the form of Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate. In order for the treatment to take place, we had to cater for alkalinity and this was achieved by the addition of concentrated sodium hydroxide. Thus the nitrification process was being monitored until no further treatment. A total of 3 sequential batch reactors were operated. After the operation of the third reactor, the denitrification phase was initiated. All the air diffusers were switched off and acetic acid was added to the reactor. The dissolved oxygen concentration was monitored till it reached the zero value and the nitrate nitrogen concentration was measured. Co-treatment of Landfill Leachate with Wastewater from SMTP The other alternative is a combined method, treating domestic wastewater and leachate together. The treatment is biological in nature using a SBR with phases; fill, react, settle and decant. The treating system consisted of aerating the SBR, composed of sludge, domestic wastewater and leachate, for a period of 24 hours. The volume of leachate was gradually increased until no further treatment was observed. The main parameters were monitored, laying emphasis on the nitrification process. The values were recorded and analyzed. Experimental Procedure Small reactors of capacity 5 L each were considered with an MLSS concentration of 1500 mg/l. The first SBR was made up of 100% DWW and sludge only, the second one 95% DWW, 5% leachate and sludge, the third one 90% DWW, 10% leachate and sludge and so on. An example is being shown below. The dissolved oxygen concentration was kept greater than 2 mg/l by the use of air diffusers which also provided the mixing within the reactor. Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline. After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed.

Characterization Of The Physician :: essays research papers

Direct Characterization:Doctor of physicsHe was very into astronomy.He kept his patient from being depressed by horoscope and magic.He could sense the fortune that'll arrive in his sick patients dwelling. He was a very good physician.He knew the cause of every sickness. His patient pays him in gold. He read a lot of medical books written by the famous physicians such as Esculapius, Deiscorides, Hippocrates and Hali' etc. He was careful about his diet; never ate a bite more than he should yet he ate healthily.He read buy little in the Bible.He dressed in blue and scarlet. He is careful with his money.He kept the gold he gained and loved it more than anything else.Indirect Characterization:He is well respected in the society since he is a doctor.He might be a descendant of one of the well-known physicians.He studied a lot about medicine and its causes. It said that he knew the cause of very malady, were it of hot or cold'.He probably isn't a Christian, at least not a devoted one. He c ures his patients not from his good-will, but because the gold he'll receive later.He enjoys reading books written about medicine, or anything that has to do with his field. He seems to be fastidious, and wary man.He's fairly rich (This is portrayed through his attire) yet not very generous, maybe even a bit stingy.The Social ClassDoctors, throughout the century has been considered the higher-class people, the more nobles ones. It was the same during the Medieval Period. They were regarded as the high-class, the well educated. Doctors and physicians alike were very influential, especially when knowledge about medicine weren't as perceived as now. People around look up to them and go to them for help.

Eco Friendly Constructions

WHAT IS ECO FRIENDLY CONST Eco-friendly, or ecological, construction is building a structure that is beneficial or non-harmful to the environment, and resource efficient. Otherwise known as green building, this type of construction is efficient in its use of local and renewable materials, and in the energy required to build it, and the energy generated while being within it. Eco-friendly construction has developed in response to the knowledge that buildings have an often negative impact upon our environment and our natural resources.This includes transporting materials hundreds or thousands of miles, which has a negative impact in the energy required to transport them, and also in emissions of hazardous chemicals from a poorly designed building that creates, and traps them. INTRODUCTION Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's lif e-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. [1] The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. [2]Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation[2] A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. [3] Other related topics i nclude sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. [4] Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes.Reducing environmental impact Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc. you use, if you contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban â€Å"gree nfield† sites. Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions. [6] Goals of green buildingThe concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. [7] The green building movement in the U. S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and i n the retrofitting of existing structures.Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used. Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e. g. , using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off.Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water. While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental p rinciples persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. 8][9] The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect. On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify ‘green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.Life cycle assessment (LCA) A life cycle assessment (LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social an d economic concerns[10] by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others) embodied energy, global warming potential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste.In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a prescriptive approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation of actual performance through LCA. Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings (ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts are critical to the design of envi ronmentally responsible buildings.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. [12] In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically.In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages. [13] *Energy efficiency Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both t he embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U. S. LCI Database Project [14] show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel. [15]To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space).They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees[16] to shade win dows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building. Water efficiency Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site.The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplish ed by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation.The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer. [17] Materials efficiency Building materials typically considered to be ‘green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e. . , Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete[18]), etc. 19][20]) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects [21] Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and ust. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[32] During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website dontwastewood. com. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling. When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered â€Å"w aste† and reclaiming it into useful building material. 33] Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier. [34]To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. â€Å"Greywater†, wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e. g. , to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy.An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process. [35]